Oral cancer is a major health challenge in the Indian subcontinent and a dreadful form of cancers worldwide. The current study is focused on the identification of distinguished metabolites of oral cancer tissue samples in comparison with precancerous and control tissue samples using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and chemometric analyses. Metabolites obtained were identified through National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral (Wiley registry) library. Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) software was used for the alignment and for all the statistical analysis. 31 compounds out of 735 found distinguishing among oral cancer, precancerous and control group samples using p-value ≤ 0.05. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) model was generated using statistically significant metabolites gave an overall accuracy of 90.2%. Down-regulated amino acid levels appear to be the result of enhanced energy metabolism or up-regulation of the appropriate biosynthetic pathways, and required cell proliferation in cancer tissues. These results suggest that tissue metabolic profiles have great potential in detecting oral cancer and may aid in understanding its underlying mechanisms.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to theoretically probe the shape impacts of nano-particle on boundary layer flow of nano-fluid toward a stretching cylinder with heat-transmission effects. The base fluid used for this study is pure water, and aluminum oxide nano-particles are suspended in it. Four different shapes of nano-particle, namely, cylindrical, brick, platelets and blades, are considered to carry out the study. Design/methodology/approach The problem is modelled mathematically and the nonlinear system of equations is attained by using appropriate transmutations. The solution of transmuted equations is achieved by utilizing a shooting technique with Fourth-Fifth order Runge–Kutta Fehlberg scheme. Numerically attained results are elucidated through graphs and tables which are further compared under limiting cases with existing literature to check the validity of the results. Findings It is observed that fluid velocity and temperature of cylindrical shaped water nano-fluids are more than the nano-fluid having brick-shaped nano-particles. Moreover, it is seen that the nano-fluids suspended with platelets-shaped nano-particles have higher velocity and temperature than the nano-fluids containing blade-shaped nano-particles. The curvature parameter and nano-particles volume fraction have increasing effects on flow velocity and temperature of nano-fluids containing all types of nano-particle shapes. Originality/value Numerous authors have examined the impacts of nano-particle shapes on characteristics of heat transfer and fluid flow. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the shape impacts of nano-particles on boundary layer flow of nano-fluid toward a stretching cylinder with heat-transmission effects have not been discussed. So, to fulfill this gap, the present paper explicates the impacts of various nano-particle shapes on Al2O3–water-based nano-fluid flow past a stretching cylinder with heat-transfer effects.

Objective: To analyze the frequency and histo-morphological pattern of non-neoplastic and neoplastic salivary gland lesions at a tertiary care centre. Study Design: Retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Histopathology section, Dow Diagnostic Reference and Research Laboratory, Karachi from 1st February 2021 to 31st July, 2021. Methodology: Data of all salivary gland lesions were retrieved from institutional database. All tissue specimens of parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands lesions as well as possible minor salivary glands swellings were included for histopathological analysis. Type of benign or neoplastic lesion along with salivary gland involved were assessed. Results: Out of a total of 739 samples, 28.0% were non-neoplastic whereas 72.0% were neoplastic lesions. Out of 207 non-neoplastic lesions, 55.1% were of inflammatory origin whereas 44.9% were mucoceles. Chronic sialadenitis (61.4%) was the most common non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion. Among mucoceles, those reported with no specification of type predominated (37.6%). Out of total 543 neoplastic lesions, 53.1% were benign whereas 19.3% were malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma (87.1%) was the commonest benign neoplastic lesion, followed by benign epidermal inclusion cysts (3.7%). Of the 127 malignant salivary gland tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (39.4%) was the most common lesion, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (29.1%). Conclusion: Chronic sialadenitis was the most common non-neoplastic lesion whereas pleomorphic adenoma was the predominant benign lesion. Moreover, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma. Keywords: Salivary Glands, Neoplastic lesion, Non-neoplastic lesion, Frequency, Sialadenitis, Adenoma, Carcinoma