As the epidemiology of COVID-19 evolves, obstetric care providers and obstetric anesthesiologists must thoughtfully consider routine aspects of inpatient obstetric management and discuss alterations in practice to optimize the safety of our patients and staff. Hospitals should begin collaborations with others in their health region to optimize testing and clinical management protocols for pregnant and postpartum women in their geographic area. These recommendations are not proscriptive and may not apply in your clinical setting. They are intended to introduce concepts to be considered in each setting and give examples of current practices in place. This guidance will be updated as additional data and information emerge. Systems-Level Responses Level of Care Broader health systems and networks should coordinate to identify each hospital's capacity and plans for transferring care as needed to meet both maternal and fetal needs. Communication should frequently occur, as hospital capacities may change rapidly. Cohorting and Other Strategies for Exposure Mitigation One public health intervention to reduce exposure risk is cohorting-co-locating patients who are persons under investigation (PUI) and women who test positive for SARS-CoV2 into a restricted area of the hospital. While not all facilities are able to create an independent obstetrics COVID-19 unit, attempts should be made to designate specific locations for the purposes of containment, which will limit the exposure of unaffected patients and staff.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the highly prevalent risk factors influencing growth and development among pre-school children in rural population of developing countries. A child's brain during the first 3 years of life is rapidly developing through generation of neurons, synaptogenesis, axonal, and dendric growth and synaptic pruning each of which build upon each other. Any interruption in this process, such as trauma, stress, under-nutrition or lack of nutrients can have long-term effects on the brain's structure and on the child's socio-emotional development. Children's development is essentially cumulative in nature and hence, the early years of life are the foundation for later development. A Med-line search was done to review relevant articles in English literature on evaluation of risk factors influencing child development. Data were constructed and issues were reviewed from there. Influences upon children's development tend to be specific in nature and developmental influences rarely operate in isolation from each other. Developmental risk factors tend to cluster together thereby, interventions designed to facilitate development must be multifocal in nature, integrating influences from different domains.

Yoga is an ancient Indian way of life, which includes changes in mental attitude, diet, and the practice of specific techniques such as yoga asanas (postures), breathing practices (pranayamas), and meditation to attain the highest level of consciousness. Since a decade, there has been a surge in the research on yoga, but we do find very few reviews regarding yogic practices and transcendental meditation (TM) in health and disease. Keeping this in view, a Medline search was done to review relevant articles in English literature on evaluation of physiological effects of yogic practices and TM. Data were constructed; issues were reviewed and found that there were considerable health benefits, including improved cognition, respiration, reduced cardiovascular risk, body mass index, blood pressure, and diabetes. Yoga also influenced immunity and ameliorated joint disorders.

End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading.

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