The aim of this study was to establish the causes of leukocoria in pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital environment. All patients younger than 10 years who presented with leukocoria between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2000, were included in the study; 39 (55%) patients were boys and 32 (45%) patients were girls. Sixty percent of the patients who presented with leukocoria had congenital cataract (18% unilateral and 42% bilateral). Other causes included retinoblastoma (11% unilateral and 7% bilateral), retinal detachment (2.8% unilateral and 1.4% bilateral), bilateral persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (4.2%), and unilateral Coats' disease (4.2%). Leukocoria in children demands immediate attention because a significant number of children have pathology that either threatens life or causes permanent visual disability.

Objective: Rabies virus has the highest case to fatality ratio of any infectious disease; however, vaccines and immunoglobulins are available for pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis. Due to the risk of possible hypersensitivity reactions, repeated booster doses of rabies vaccine should be administered only when necessary to people at risk of exposure. It is recommend that antibody testing be performed 2 years following primary immunization, followed by the administration of a booster dose if the neutralizing antibody titre falls below 0.5 International Units per ml (IU/ml). The objective of this work was to determine if the recommended testing interval following primary immunization is sufficient to maintain adequate antibody titres in healthy adults. Methods: During the establishment of the rabies laboratory at the NML in 2007, all employees determined to be at risk of exposure were vaccinated against rabies virus. Rabies vaccine was administered in 3 doses on days 0, 7, and 21. Antibody levels were monitored one month post-vaccination and subsequently every 6 months. Data from this testing were analyzed to determine if the vaccinated employees maintained adequate antibody titres for a minimum of 2 years following primary immunization. Results: The antibody titres of 12 employees were assessed 1 month after vaccination and subsequently every 6 months. All 12 employees demonstrated an acceptable antibody titre 1 month after vaccination, although the titres of 2 of the 12 employees were very low (0.5 IU/ml and 0.65 IU/ml). These 2 employees received a booster dose of vaccine immediately. Two other employees demonstrated a substantial drop in titre when subsequently tested 6 months later, resulting in a decision to administer a booster dose of vaccine to these employees who work directly with rabies virus. The antibody titre of these 4 employees has remained high throughout the follow-up testing intervals. Conclusions: Had the recommended testing interval of 2 years been followed, the antibody levels of 4 of the 12 employees may have potentially fallen below the acceptable level of 0.5 IU/ml. This indicates that some healthy individuals may not maintain an antibody titre of 0.5 IU/ml for at least 2 years following primary immunization. All persons at risk of exposure, especially those persons working directly with the live virus, should be monitored carefully. It may be advisable to administer a booster dose of vaccine 1 year following the primary vaccine series to reinforce antibody levels in individuals receiving pre-exposure vaccination for rabies virus. O13Mumps virus detection by PCR and culture during an outbreak in a highly unvaccinated population Introduction: Control measures of mumps consist of immunization of those susceptible and isolation of those infected. Recently, CDC and AAP have recommended shortening the isolation period from a 9-day to a 5-day period after the onset of parotitis. This recommendation was based on historical studies and one small 2008 study on a highly vaccinated population. A mumps...

To ascertain the level of awareness and the preliminary understanding about the importance and the practice of immunization of children among the mothers hailing from an adjoining slum area while visiting a nearby tertiary care hospital at Lahore. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The respondents of this study were the mothers coming from an urban slum area and visiting the pediatrics outpatient department of a nearby tertiary care hospital in Lahore city. Period: May 2016 to July 2016. Methods: 60 mothers of reproductive age and all having children in the ages needing routine immunization coverage through expanded programme on immunization. Convenient sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents. Data was collected through a questionnaire which was filled during face-to-face interview of each voluntary participant. Results: 34.3% respondents had general awareness about immunization of children, and out of them, only 6% mothers had additional understanding of the rationale for the immunization. 45% mothers had only partial awareness about immunization with no understanding of its rationale. 20% respondents had no significant awareness. Overall 10% of all the respondents had the knowledge about the need of booster doses of certain vaccines administered in expanded programme on immunization. The awareness about the names of diseases prevented through the routine and free vaccination programme was associated with the literacy level and socioeconomic status of the responding mothers. Conclusion: Inadequate awareness and basic understanding about immunization was found by this small study conducted among the mothers coming from an adjoining slum area of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore city.

Objectives: To ascertain the level of awareness and the preliminaryunderstanding about the importance and the practice of immunization of children among themothers hailing from an adjoining slum area while visiting a nearby tertiary care hospital atLahore. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The respondents of this study werethe mothers coming from an urban slum area and visiting the pediatrics outpatient departmentof a nearby tertiary care hospital in Lahore city. Period: May 2016 to July 2016. Methods: 60mothers of reproductive age and all having children in the ages needing routine immunizationcoverage through expanded programme on immunization. Convenient sampling techniquewas adopted to select the respondents. Data was collected through a questionnaire which wasfilled during face-to-face interview of each voluntary participant. Results: 34.3% respondentshad general awareness about immunization of children, and out of them, only 6% mothers hadadditional understanding of the rationale for the immunization. 45% mothers had only partialawareness about immunization with no understanding of its rationale. 20% respondents had nosignificant awareness. Overall 10% of all the respondents had the knowledge about the need ofbooster doses of certain vaccines administered in expanded programme on immunization. Theawareness about the names of diseases prevented through the routine and free vaccinationprogramme was associated with the literacy level and socio-economic status of the respondingmothers. Conclusion: Inadequate awareness and basic understanding about immunizationwas found by this small study conducted among the mothers coming from an adjoining slumarea of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore city.

This study seeks a distinctive and efficient machine learning system for the prediction of Cotton Production using weather parameters and climate change impact on cotton production. Cotton is a crucial harvest for Pakistan referred to as “white gold”. Cotton is taken into account lifeline of Pakistan's economy. Pakistan is the fifth largest cotton producer. Cotton and textile exporters are the rear bone of Pakistan's economy. Being a cotton-based economy Pakistan aims to extend its share in the billion-dollar value-added global textile market. But in the process of cotton growth affected by meteorological conditions, extreme weather can cause cotton production, based on this kind of situation, machine learning technology to deal with meteorological data analysis, realize the accurate prediction of cotton production, on the influence of the main meteorological factors on cotton yield and diseases, the selection suitable for cotton varieties and resist meteorological disaster is of great significance. The study analyses the impact of weather parameters on the productivity of cotton in Pakistan using the district level disintegrated data of yield, area, and climate variables (temperature, cloud cover, rainfall, and wind) from 2005-to 2020, also uses the Production of cotton from 2005-2020. These Sixteen years moving averages for each month, climate variables are used. The production function approach is used to analyze the relationship between crop yield and weather parameters up and down each month. Cotton has a great dependence on environmental factors during its growth, especially climate change. The occurrence of cotton pests and diseases has always been an important factor affecting total cotton production. Pests and diseases are also caused by environmental factors. Apply a Machine learning algorithm to analyze the pests and diseases of cotton because of environmental factors. Model construction and analysis of meteorological factors the Decision Tree, Random Forest, Linear Regression, and XGB algorithm using ensemble technique were established for cotton yield prediction in Pakistan and the performance of each model was compared. The comparison results show that the prediction results of the prediction model using the optimization algorithm are significantly improved, among which the XGB model using ensemble techniquehas the best performance, and the root mean square error (RMSE), and mean square error (MSE) of the prediction results are 0.07and 0.27 respectively. The relationship between main meteorological factors and cotton yield was analyzed by XGB algorithm. The results showed that temperature, cloud cover, rainfall, and wind were the most important factors affecting cotton yield in Pakistan from each growth stage of cotton, the boll stage is the most susceptible to meteorological factor, and the bud stage is the second the geographical location, climatic characteristics and meteorological disasters that resulted in cotton production. So, because of these factors indication on time action can increase the production and overcome on the cotton declined production. In the future there are many improvement ways one thing we can do that is daily base weather parameters use for prediction and diseases related to weather elements. Increase of other weather parameters will be more affective in future.