Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the mother’s knowledge of neonatal care and their attitude towards existing preventive methods and practices. Materials and Methods: A hospital based Cross-Sectional descriptive Study was conducted on mothers who delivered recently in Fatima Hospital, Baqai Medical University and the mothers visiting with their neonate age of 28 days. Results: A total of 385 participants including the neonates of age 1 to 28 days were included in the study. We found statistically significant relationship between the mother’s age and the mother knowledge of neonatal care (P value = 0.002). Moreover, other factors that we found significantly conducive were the relationships between Illness and medication, mother’s age and breast feeding, mother’s education, and neonate vaccination (P value = 0.002). Conclusion: In this study, we observed that most of the mothers were unaware of neonatal care. Many of them were ignorant of the neonate vaccination and national immunization days. Most of them treated their sick neonates with traditional home remedies rather bringing them to the hospitals. A high proportion of mothers withheld breast feeding and top feeding during neonate illness. Their knowledge regarding infected umbilicus, neonate inactivity and lethargy was scarce. These findings indicate that there is a room of improvement in the current mother’s knowledge and practices of neonatal care. This study will facilitate the policy makers to design new care seeking practices that foster better knowledge of neonatal care among mothers. Keywords: Neonatal Care, immunization, breast feeding

Objective: To know and assess the levels of Vitamin D in healthy infants without having the signs of  Vitamin D deficiency on radiological and clinical aspects. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried  out  at  Baqai  Medical  University  Hospital  Karachi. The sampling  technique  used  was  non-probability  consecutive.  Total  145  infants  were  included  in  this cross sectional study that were apparently healthy and  showed  no  features  of  Vitamin  D  defi-  ciency clinically and radiologically within the age of two to six month. Sample size calculated was 145. Infants on Vitamin D  supplementation,  with  renal,  hepatic  or  congenital  heart  disease,  gastrointesti-  nal problems, low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation were excluded from the study. Results: The feeding habits were breast  feeding,  formula  feeding  and  mixed  feeding  as  62  (72.7%), 41 (28.3%) and 42 (29%) respectively. Vitamin D level were defined in three categories in which 57   (39.3%) were deficient, 39 (27%) were insufficient and 49 (33.8%) were found to be sufficient. Vitamin         D levels were compared with weight to know the significance. It was discovered that Vitamins D and   weight had a significant association with p-value of 0.02. There was no difference observed in length      and Vitamin D levels with a p-value of 0.155 and OFC (occipital-frontal circumference) and Vitamin D    levels with p-value of 0.491. Conclusion: Frequency of Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is quite common even in apparently healthy infants. The levels of Vitamin D in normal healthy infants of two to six month of age were defi-    cient. Furthermore, Vitamin D deficiency was related to the feeding habits of the infants. The infants           on breast feeding had sufficient Vitamin  D  levels  in  most  cases  whereas  it  was  deficient  in  formula and mixed feed of infants.

Background: Bronchiolitis is a viral mediated disease that results in acute inflammation in the lower respiratory tract. It occurs in infants and children under 2 years of age. The vast majority of infants’ experience at least 01 episode of bronchiolitis and 2-3% of all infants can be hospitalized for bronchiolitis in the 1st year. With an increasing rate having risen by an average of 1.8% annually in European country and a small percentage even need critical care. Children who are hospitalized for bronchiolitis currently only receive fluid replacement, additional oxygen and respiratory support. Bronchiolitis is most common motivator for hospital admissions in many nations. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most common virus causes bronchiolitis, and also causes infections during the winter months. Objective: To determine the comparison of effectiveness of nebulized N-acetylcysteine solution (mucolytic therapy), nebulized salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in treatment of children with acute bronchiolitis at a tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and visited to Baqai Medical University Hospital, Karachi from April 17, 2019 to October 16, 2019 were included in this Prospective Randomized Control Trial (lottery method). Informed consent was taken after explaining the procedure, risks and advantages of the study. Children from either gender having provisional diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis between 2 to 24 months of age were included and divided in three groups in our study. Each group obtained three treatments every day, introduced at intervals of eight hours for three days. Patients had been tested on admission, at 8 hours and every morning for severity of disease. For assessing improvement, scientific severity score turned into used to peer the effectiveness of nebulized N-acetylcysteine solution (mucolytic therapy), nebulized salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium bromide in bronchiolitis. All the collected data were entered into the proforma attached at the end and used electronically for research purpose. Results: 81 study cases of these, 44 (54.3%) were males while 37 (45.7%) were females. Our study cases mean age in Nebulized N-acetylcysteine was 9.4±6.3, in Nebulized Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide was 10.8±6.7 and 12.0±6.6 months, respectively. In group wise comparison of clinical severity score at baseline, 8, 24 and 72 hours, highly significant difference was found among the group at baseline, 8, 24 and 72 hours i.e., P ≤ (0.05) within the groups while on the other hand non-significant difference i.e., (0.633) was showed between the group at baseline among nebulized N-acetylcysteine, nebulized salbutamol and ipratropium bromide group respectively. Conclusion: In the lights of our findings, it is to be concluded that nebulized salbutamol was more effective in improvement of clinical severity score with shorter duration of hospital stay. Furthermore, it is to be concluded that there is a need to have further studies with larger sample size in different centers in Pakistan to validate the findings of current study. Keywords: N-acetylcysteine Solution, Nebulized Salbutamol, Nebulized Ipratropium Bromide, Acute Bronchiolitis