Objective: To compare the neck length, relative neck length and height between patients with cervical spondylosis and healthy subjects. Methods: This case control study was conducted at Patel hospital, Karachi after the ethical approval of Bahria University Medical and Dental College (BUMDC) and Patel hospital from September 2018 - February 2019. It enrolled eighty eight cases of cervical spondylosis and eighty eight healthy subjects. Radiographs were taken in the lateral view and neck length was measured as the distance from external occipital protuberance to seventh cervical vertebra spinous process. Then relative neck length was measured by dividing the neck length with height and multiplying it by 100. The Kellgren Lawrence grade scale was used to assess the severity of cervical spondylosis. Results: A total of 176 participants were analyzed. It was found that the height remains the significant determinant. The comparison of cases with control group was done using independent T-test which showed that the cases were significantly shorter than controls with a p-value < 0.05. The other variables such as neck length, and relative neck length were insignificant. Conclusion: Short height can be considered as a risk factor for cervical spondylosis. Short-statured individuals should be counseled to adopt measures for the prevention of cervical spondylosis. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.832 How to cite this:Ahmed SB, Qamar A, Imram M, Fahim MF. Comparison of neck length, relative neck length and height with incidence of cervical spondylosis. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.832 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cervical spondylosis is a chronic degenerative disease which is prevalent in middle and aging population. Its cause is multifactorial attributing to stress, anxiety, trauma, sports, occupational factors or use of handheld devices. It is easily missed and neglected as it has an insidious onset, early subtle features, and resemblance with musculoskeletal problems. It is essential to investigate and intervene because it places a significant impact on health care of individuals and can adversely affect lifestyle by causing depression, dysphagia, and cervicogenic headache along with chronic neck pain, which is ranked as the disabling cause of adjustable life years (DALY). It is responsible for causing minor symptoms like chronic neck pain, numbness in hands as well as even quadriparesis or spastic gait. It needs to be diagnosed and treated earlier. The state of art strategy adopted by health practitioners can be a promising future for the next generation. The objective of this article is to discuss the anatomy, etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment options.

Objective: To correlate Uroflowmetry with Prostate volume and International Prostatic Symptom Score in BPH patients and healthy adults in a subset of Karachi Population. Study Design and Setting: This is a crossectional study carried out at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi over a period of 6 months. Methodology: In this study 100 Samples were taken through non probability convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria includes 40years and above. Sample initially was taken on the basis of International Prostatic Symptom Score i.e., less than 8 and greater than 8 score. Ultrasonography was performed. 65 Individuals with International Prostatic Symptom Score > 8 and Prostate volume <25 and individuals having symptom index < 8 and Prostate volume > 25ml went for Uroflowmetry. Mean and standard deviation was taken out for quantitative variables. Univariate analysis and Multiple Linear Regression applied to assess relationship between Uroflowmetry with Prostate volume and International Prostatic Symptom Score. Result: Mean age of patients was found to be 58±6 years. Mean International Prostatic Symptom Score was 11±4. Mean Prostate Volume was 28ml±5, mean Qmax was 14ml/s ±4. The correlation between Qmax and International Prostatic symptom score was found to be negative (-0.78) and statistically significant. No correlation was found between Prostate volume and Qmax. Conclusion: Qmax and International Prostatic Symptom Score are reliable tool for assessing Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia patients concluding that as Symptom Score increases Qmax decreases. Qmax showed no correlation with Prostate volume. Prostate volume assessed on Ultrasonography is not an authentic parameter for diagnosing BPH patients

Background: Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative disorder of cervical spine prevalent in our population. The disease advances insidiously resulting in worsening with time. This study aims to highlight the factors influencing cervical spondylosis. Methods: The present case control study was conducted at orthopedic OPD (Out Patient Department) and Radiology department of the Patel hospital from September 2018 to February 2019 after acquiring ethical approval from Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Bahria University Medical and Dental College and Patel Hospital. The study enrolled 88 cases suffering from cervical spondylosis based on history and clinical examination and 88 controls i.e., healthy attendants. The radiography of cervical spine was used to assess degenerative changes of cervical spine. They were asked basic history entailing age, gender, working hours, nature of job, use of computers, mobiles. The independent t-test was used for comparison between these variables, and Fischer exact test and Chi square test was employed to find association between them. Results: The study revealed a significant preponderance of females (56.8%) with shorter stature (159.14±8.88) in patients. There was a predilection for cases in outdoor workers (44.3%) and homemakers (43.2%) as well as increased working hours (73.9%). The mobile use had a significant impact (59.1%) on disease. Conclusion: Considering factors like Middle Ages, females, short stature, obesity, outdoor workers and house workers with increased working hours and use of mobiles for more than 4 hours can influence development of cervical spondylosis. One can intervene in the progression of disease by adopting healthy lifestyle to prevent it.

Objective: This study was planned over the hypothesis that pomegranate extract rich in ellagic acid used with minocycline could decrease its adverse effect and prolong its therapeutic use and efficacy. Study design and Setting: This experimental study was done in the department of anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Methodology: We acquired 40 guinea pigs (male, adult, 450 – 550 gm), randomly divided them into 4 groups.Group B received 0.0003mg/g bodyweight of minocycline only, group C was given 0.0003mg/g bodyweight of minocycline with 0.4mg/g bodyweight of pomegranate, group D was given 0.4mg/g bodyweight pomegranate only; with keeping group A with no intervention at laboratory diet for 8 weeks. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, H & E and DOPA-OXIDASE staining was done on harvested skin tissues for morphometric observations under light microscopy. Results: The results showed that minocycline induced reduction in mean thickness of epidermis and increased melanin pigment deposition. Mean number of melanocytes decreased with pomegranate use though the difference was insignificant (P-value > 0.05) but consistent and measurable. Conclusions: It was proven that by including pomegranate in our daily diet, the process of hyperpigmentation of skin induced by the broad spectrum tetracycline particularly minocycline, can be slow down by decreasing the activity of tyrosinase enzyme, thus it provides a novel pathway to fight against any other drug induced hyperpigmentation occurring due to increase activity of tyrosinase enzyme