Background: PCOS is a leading cause of infertility globally. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated disease pigeon-holed by high testosterone levels, irregular menstruation, and/or tiny cysts on one or both ovaries. The disease can be anatomical (polycystic ovaries) or biochemical (hyperandrogenemia). Follicular developmental inhibition, ovarian microcysts, anovulation, and menstrual irregularities are all symptoms of hyperandrogenism, a clinical characteristic of PCOS. Objective: The objective is to determine the chances of infertility in a patient presenting with PCOS in childbearing age. Methodology: Data was collected from Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Obsgyne online library for papers published between 2005 and 2021 using specified MeSH keywords in this systematic review. We examined 10 cross-sectional type analytical studies for data collecting in this systematic work. Results: 10 studies conducted between the years 2005 to 2021 were included in this systematic review. There were 3900 women in the study, ranging in age from 10 to 40. The 2nd most prevalent etiology of feminine factor-related infertility was determined to be PCOS in this investigation. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. As a result, it's critical to screen for and treat it in primary care settings. Ultrasound is the best modality for the detection of PCOS. PCOS has been identified using ultrasonography methods in several investigations. The basal follicle counts by TVS might be included among sonographic findings in the diagnosis of PCOS, with basal follicle counts of more than 10 is a PCOS criterion. Slightly swollen stroma, hypertrophy, enhanced ovarian mass and thickness, and the percentage of ovarian stroma to total ovary area are among the other characteristics. Conclusion: From this systematic review we concluded that infertility is most commonly caused by PCOS. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. Despite the fact that TVS is the gold standard for detecting ovarian abnormalities in young girls we examine trans-abdominally by using a high-frequency probe. Ultrasonography results for PCOS of the periphery cyst patterns include a considerable variety of small subcapsular follicles (10 follicles with a maximal diameter of 8 millimeter), enhanced ovarian volume (12.3 millimeter), and increased echo density of the ovarian stroma.

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate umbilical artery Doppler indices [systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio and pulsatility index (PI)] in normal fetus at term. Doppler ultrasound of umbilical arteries is widely accepted as a primary tool for quantitative analysis of fetoplacental and uteroplacental blood flow in highrisk pregnancies.Materials and methods: A total of 100 normal singleton pregnant women were recruited in this study from the Radiology Department Fatima Memorial Hospital (FMH) from August 3, 2012 to November 30, 2012. Their gestational ages were from 37 to 40 weeks.Results: A total of 100 Doppler indices measurements were performed. The values of S/D ratio were less than 3 and the values of mean PI were less than 1 from 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. Conclusion:Umbilical artery Doppler indices among normal pregnant women in our population are similar to most published reference values from other parts of the world.Clinical significance: This normative data will serve as a basis for the evaluation of the umbilical artery circulation in our population.

Background: Pain in knee joint is prime cause of disability particularly among postmenopausal women. Ultrasound is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality for the evaluation of knee joint pathologies. Objective: To prove multiparity as a potential cause of femoral cartilage thinning inside knee joint causing pain in postmenopausal women. Methodology: Two hundred knee of 100 postmenopausal women of various parity were conveniently selected. Patients with all other risk factors of the knee joint pain which acts as effect modifying factors were excluded. Femoral articular cartilage was measured at the lateral, central and medial aspect of the knee joint and their average was calculated. Results: 51.12 ±4.46 years was the mean age of patients (ranging from 46 to 60 years). A strong negative relation was found between the parity of the patient and the femoral articular cartilage thickness at the lateral, central and medial aspect of the knee joint of all the patients with a p-value less than 0.1. Significant variation was observed in the femoral articular cartilage thickness in various parties. Conclusion: The femoral articular cartilage decreases in size significantly with an increase in the number of deliveries (parity). So, multiparity is one of the potential causes of femoral cartilage degradation in knees joint.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to decide the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility. Material and Method: In this systematic review facts extracted by Medline, PubMed, science direct and Obs gyne online library that were queried for studies posted between 2005 to 2021 by using specific MeSH terms. We extracted data from 15 cross sectional studies that was carried out in discipline exercise regions of tertiary care health facility. Results: This study shows data from population surveys reporting on occurrence of number one and secondary infertility. Fifteen research furnished estimates of primary and secondary infertility incidence in 6400 infertile couple. Out of 6400 infertile patients 3600 (fifty six.25%) offering with primary and 2800 (43.2%) supplying with secondary infertility. Age distribution with number one infertility confirmed that the majority of the participants belong to the most fertile age institution. Age distribution of women with secondary infertility confirmed that majority belongs to the age institution of 30–39 years. The primary results of the modern researches had been the primary infertility’s high rate (fifty six.25%) and excessive charge of female factors among infertile couples. Although, it has been said in other researches that female variables (40%), male variables (40%) or a combination (20%) of each could be associated to the causes of infertility. Motive of the couple’s infertility turned into determined on the basis of their examination results and medical history. As compared to the secondary infertility, number one infertility occurrence was higher within the people approaching a tertiary care middle of public zone. Conclusion: From this systematic evaluate we concluded that as compared to secondary infertility, the primary infertility’s superiority is higher. The marriage age is increasing which impacts reasons with male variables and unexplained infertility greater generally observed with increasing age of marriage. Female component stays a principle reason for the infertility including some unexplained reasons and means. In the population coming to a public region tertiary care center, the number one infertility’s prevalence is higher as compared to the prevalence of secondary infertility.

Objectives: The objective was to determine the accuracy of Gray Scale versus Doppler Ultrasound to Detect Deep Venous Thrombosis in Lower Extremities. Study Design: Cross Sectional Analytical study.  Setting: The University of Lahore and Shalimar Hospital Lahore. Period: May to October 2020. Material & Methods: After a permission from the ethical committee and a written consent of the patients, on the basis of the clinical suspicions of deep vein thrombosis, A total of 140 patients of both the genders, aging from 20 to 90 years, were referred for Gray Scale & Doppler ultrasound examination. The convenient sampling technique and Statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 22.0) were used for the analysis of data. Results: In 140 patients’ present study on Gray Scale ultrasound, 120 (85%) cases were observed  with significantly increased blood vessel size, intraluminal echogenicity and a loss of compressibility However, on Doppler ultrasound, 130 (92%) cases were detected possessing significantly increased blood vessel size, intraluminal echogenicity, absence of blood flow and negative augmentation effect. Conclusions: From the result of present study, it is concluded that Doppler may be used as gold standard to diagnose the DVT in the lower extremities. This study concludes also that DVT detection accuracy difference between Doppler and Gray Scale ultrasound is minor i.e. 1:1.08. This minor difference encourages the radiology practitioners of periphery to screen DVT in lower extremities through Gray Scale ultrasound, if Doppler ultrasound is unavailable there.