Aim: To assess the role of probiotics in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in adults. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College Quetta from 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Forty cases of adult necrotizing enterocolitis were examined clinically as well as through radiological, biochemical and microbiological testing were enrolled. The cases were categorized according to the severity of their disease and probiotics were used for a month in less severe cases for analyzing its role in reducing necrotizing enterocolitis with a one-month follow-up. Results: The mean age of the patients was 49.2±5.36 years with 27 cases of males in comparison to 13 cases of females. Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis were presented only in stage 2 and 3 each respectivelyAround 43% of cases reported reduction in venous ammonia after probiotic usage while 21% of the patients claimed betterment in their cognition. Conclusion: Probiotics have an efficient role in reducing ammonia production and improving cognition in adult necrotizing enterocolitis. Key words: Necrotizing, Enterocolitis, Probiotics

Aim: To estimate the incidence of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Study design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta from 1st January 2021 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: One hundred type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled. Each patient complete detail was documented on a well-structured questionnaire which was also used for assessing the hypoglycemia status using Whipple’s triad questionnaire based information. The Whipple triad is an assembly of three criteria named as Whipple’s criteria. The most important symptoms which are presented in it are those symptoms which show presentation of hypoglycemia post meal and exercise. Patients were asked for any of the following symptoms or biochemical test results have been noticed in previous 2-3 months and their responses were recorded. Results: There were 64% patients within the age of 40-60 years while 36% were above the age of 60 years. Within the rural, type 2 diabetic patients 89.3% were those who only checked their glucose once in three months. The treatment method which was adapted by majority of the type 2 diabetic patients was use of metformin. Conclusion: Hypoglycemia appeared to be the important determinant of diabetes mellitus and sometime even prove more fatal then hyperglycemia. Keywords: Hypoglycemia; Whipple triad; Diabetes mellitus; Prevalence; Urban areas