Interventional bronchoscopy has a predominant role in the management of both early and advanced-stage airway tumors. Given the very poor prognosis of lung cancer, there is a need for new tools to improve early detection and bronchoscopic treatment of endo-bronchial precancerous lesions. In more advanced stages, interventional bronchoscopy plays an important role, as nearly a third of lung cancers lead to proximal airway obstruction. This will cause great discomfort or even life-threatening symptoms related to local extension, such as dyspnea, post-obstructive pneumonia, and hemoptysis. Surgery for very locally advanced disease is only effective for a limited number of patients and the effects of conventional antitumor therapies, like radiation therapy or chemotherapy, are inconstant and are too delayed in a palliative context. In this review, we aim to provide pulmonologists with an exhaustive technical overview of (I) the bronchoscopic management of benign endobronchial lesions; (II) the bronchoscopic management of malignant tumors, including the curative treatment of localized lesions and palliative management of malignant proximal airway stenosis; and (III) descriptions of the emerging endoscopic techniques used to treat peripheral lung tumors.

The authors report their findings regarding lung ultrasound profiles in a population of transplant recipients. Twenty-two patients were studied once each in multiple different ultrasound windows focusing on pleural, lung, and diaphragmatic signatures. All studies were performed in presumably otherwise healthy recipients at an outpatient follow-up visit at least 3 months after transplantation. Those with recent pulmonary infections or decline in lung function were excluded from enrollment. The majority of scans revealed otherwise normal lungs with lung sliding, but there were more abnormalities than one would expect in a healthy control group. Lung ultrasonography will likely never replace other cross-sectional imaging given its inherent visual limitations but adds another modality to interrogate the lung/pleural interface and diaphragmatic function.

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