Plasmopara halstedii, the causal agent of downy mildew of sunflower, is an obligate parasite but viable sporangia and oospores of the pathogen may be found in a quiescent state in seeds of sunflower and therefore may be transported with sunflower seeds in international commercial exchanges. In order to prevent the spread of this pathogen, especially the introduction of potentially new races, an efficient method to analyse sunflower seed samples is required. In this study, a P. halstedii-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was developed based on the ribosomal large sub unit (LSU) DNA. The forward (PHAL-F) and reverse (PHAL-R) PCR primers were designed from two polymorphic regions of LSU. After screening 22 isolates of P. halstedii corresponding to different races and countries and 32 other oomycete, deuteromycete and ascomycete isolates, the PHAL-F/R primers amplified only a single PCR band of c. 310 bp from P. halstedii. The PHAL-F/R PCR test could detect as little as 3 pg of P. halstedii genomic DNA per 20 mu L reaction volume and enabled the direct detection of P. halstedii in 35 g sunflower seed samples without the need for any prior biological baiting step. An internal amplification control (IAC) was developed to help discriminate against false negative samples due to the potential presence of inhibitory compounds in DNA extracts. The test was successfully used on samples of naturally contaminated seeds. These new molecular tools should be of great interest for quarantine seed testing purposes

Introns are generally highly polymorphic regions within genes and were proven to be of great interest for discriminating among phylogenetically-close Phytophthora species. Phytophthora ramorum and P. fragariae are considered as quarantine pathogens by the European Union and accurate detection tools are therefore necessary for their monitoring. From introns located in different single copy genes (GPA1, RAS-like, and TRP1), we developed a series of PCR primers specific to P. ramorum and P. fragariae. The specificity of these primers was successfully checked with a wide collection of Phytophthora isolates and a protocol was developed to detect both pathogens directly in infected plant tissues. These genes should be of particular interest for the development of additional species-specific detection tools within the Phytophthora genus.