Deficit syndrome (DS) is a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by primary persistent negative symptoms. The corpus callosum (CC) appears to be related to psychopathology in schizophrenia. This study assessed white matter integrity in the CC using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients. We also investigated the psychopathological dimensions of schizophrenia and their relationship to CC integrity. Fifteen DS patients, 40 NDS patients, and 30 healthy controls (HC) underwent psychiatric evaluation and neuroimaging. We divided the CC into five regions and assessed their fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. DS patients had lower FA than NDS patients and HC, and higher MD in Region 5 of the CC than did HC. NDS patients had higher MD in Region 4 of the CC. The patient groups differed in terms of negative symptoms. After differentiating clinical groups and HC, no significant correlations were observed between DTI measures and psychopathological symptoms. Our results suggest that DS and NDS are characterized by minor impairments of the posterior CC. We confirmed that DS patients have greater negative psychopathology than NDS patients. Our results are preliminary, and further studies are needed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced the area of education, in terms of both teaching and learning effectiveness. The aim of the study was to compare groups of high school graduates and graduate students. The Coping Inventory in Stressful Situations (CISS), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS), and our own questionnaire were used in the study. The results of the research show that the group of high school graduates, compared to the graduate students, was characterized by a higher level of anxiety, a style focused on emotions and a lower level of hope for success. People who passed the exam in the online form were characterized by a higher level of anxiety compared to the respondents who passed the exam in the stationary form. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the styles of coping and the level of hope for success may be both protective and risk factors related to the level of anxiety during distance learning.

One of the solutions in unsorted municipal waste management is autoclaving, which maximize the amount of waste for recycling. After autoclaving, however, up to 30% of autoclaved waste, called organic remaining fraction (ORF) is still unstabilized and cannot be landfilled but must be subjected for further stabilization, e.g. in aerobic conditions. After this process waste meets standards for landfilling. However, as during aerobic stabilization humification of organic matter proceed, before landfilling humic substances (HS) could be recovered. High HS concentration in ORF means that before its landfilling HS can be recovered. The maximal recovering of valuable substances from waste is in line with the principles of sustainable development. Therefore, this study examined the humification of ORF from a full-scale mechanical-heat-treatment plant during composting in two-stage system (1st stage in 550 L reactor, 2nd stage in windrow). The rates of organics mineralization were 8.35-12.00 g OM/kg d.m. d. The rates of HS formation were lower, 3.31-3.92 mg/g OM d, and process proceeded most intensively up to 50 days. The maximum HS concentrations were 82-120 mg/g OM, similar to those in composts from different kinds of organic waste. ORF ORF+I intensive humification Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)So far, autoclaves were used mainly for treatment of medical waste. In last decade a few autoclaving installations (mechanical-heat-treatment plant, MHT plant) were established for municipal waste. However, after that process a large part of the autoclaved waste comprises the biodegradable fraction (ORF) that must be stabilized. However, the product of stabilization cannot be used in the environment, but needs to be only landfilled. If it were possible to extract useful substances from the stabilizate, e.g. humic substances, this would be consistent with the goals of a circular economy.To the best our knowledge, humification process during aerobic stabilization of ORF from a full-scale MHT plant as well as humic substances content in stabilizate from ORF have not been analyzed. Humification have been the subject of many research but during composting, not municipal waste stabilization. We found that HS concentrations in stabilized ORF are high, which indicates that recovery of these substances can be profitable and that this waste can serve as a source of materials for new products in the circular economy.