UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) and the International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP) are two themes in UNESCO’s Natural Science Sector. Biosphere Reserves of the MAB Programme are more focused on building international, regional, sub-regional, and ecosystem-specific cooperation as “learning places’’ for sustainable development with a focus on biodiversity. The IGGP supports research and capacity development in Earth Sciences and comprises two sub-programmes: the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) and the UNESCO Global Geoparks Programme (UGGP). UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps) use a bottom-up approach to engage local communities in capacity building, via tourism development, with the common goal of promoting and protecting the area’s geological and cultural heritage. Here, we present the results of comparing local involvement from two case studies from Japan, the Mount Hakusan Biosphere Reserve and the National Mount Hakusan Tedori-river Geopark, along with two case studies from Russia, the Altaisky Biosphere Reserve and the regional Geopark Altai. In this study, we found more involvement by local community members in the Geopark than in the Biosphere Reserve in Japan. The Russian case studies show a complete opposite result with more involvement of local communities in the BRs, and less participation in Geopark management. The purpose of this project was to provide information to improve local involvement in both Japanese and Russian Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks through changes in education and management styles.
We present the fi ndings of studies concerning the irrigation systems of the Altai and outline the directions of their further exploration. Irrigation canals, widely distributed in alpine valleys and intermontane depressions, are streams of the drift type. Most are found in central Altai and in the Chulyshman River valley of eastern Altai. Complex irrigation systems were recorded in the Bilgebash and Sarduma river mouths in the Chuya valley, in the Chulcha River mouth in the Chulyshman valley, and in Tötö, the Kurai basin. Pilot excavations of the main canals showed that wooden troughs had been placed on their bottoms. Radiocarbon analysis of wood from those troughs (Cheba and Oroktoi) suggests that they date to the Late Middle Ages, and a soil sample from the bottom of the canal of the Tenga irrigation system indicates early medieval age. In the 1800s and early 1900s, canals were used by the natives mainly for watering small plots of barley, but also of wheat and rye. Agriculture has been practiced in the Altai at least since the Early Iron Age, having fl ourished, apparently, during the Early Middle Ages. The fi rst irrigation systems must have appeared together with the fi rst farmers; however, taking into account the prolonged use and modifi cations of the main canals, assessing the time of their initial construction is diffi cult.
В статье рассматриваются результаты исследования оросительных систем Алтая и перспективы их дальнейшего изучения. Отмечено, что памятники ирригации, распространенные в горных долинах и межгорных котловинах на значительной территории, представлены каналами саево-ручьевого самотечного вида орошения. Наибольшее количество оросительных систем находится в Центральном Алтае и в долине р. Чулышман в Восточном Алтае. Выделены сложные по устройству комплексы в районе устья рек Бильгебаш и Сардума в долине р. Чуя, в районе устья р. Чульча в Чулышманской долине и в урочище Тото в Курайской котловине. На основе результатов зачисток магистральных каналов установлено, что при их строительстве и ремонте применялись деревянные желоба, которые укладывались на дно. По данным радиоуглеродного датирования, деревянные желоба из комплексов Чеба и Ороктой относятся к позднему Средневековью, а грунт со дна канала Теньгинской оросительной системы — к раннему Средневековью. Отмечено, что в XIX — начале XX в. каналы использовались местным населением для полива главным образом небольших участков ячменя, а также посевов пшеницы и ржи. Земледелие в той или иной степени было знакомо населению Алтая, как минимум, с раннего железного века; расцвета оно достигло, вероятно, в раннем Средневековье. Сделан вывод о том, что первые оросительные системы появились на Алтае вместе с первыми земледельцами, однако ввиду длительной эксплуатации и модификаций магистральных каналов установление времени изначального строительства затруднено.
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