The ability of diffusion samplers constructed from regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane and low density, lay flat polyethylene tubing to collect volatile organic compounds and inorganic ions was compared in a laboratory study. Concentrations of vinyl chloride, cis‐1, 2‐dichloroethene, bromochloromethane, trichloroethene, bromodichloromethane, and tetrachloroethene collected by both types of diffusion samplers reached equilibrium with the concentrations of these compounds in test solution within three days. Concentrations of bromide and iron collected by the dialysis membrane diffusion samplers reached equilibrium with the concentrations of these compounds in a test solution within three to seven days. No detectable concentrations of bromide or iron were found in polyethylene diffusion samplers even after 21 days. No measurable concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, and lead, or sulfide, were leached out of dialysis membrane samplers over seven days. Compared with using a gas‐tight syringe to sample the diffusion sampler, clipping the bag and pouring the water sample into a sample vial resulted in only a small 6.2% average loss of volatile organic compounds. Dialysis membrane diffusion samplers offer promise for use in sampling ground water for inorganic constituents as well as volatile organic compounds.
This report presents general hydrologic information about Area 8, in the Eastern Coal Province, for use by hydrologists, consulting engineers, mine operators, and regulatory personnel. The report format consists of brief texts and supporting illustrations and tables on a series of hydrologic topics which together describe the hydrology of the area. Area 8 is located in the Upper Ohio River main-stem drainage and is one of the 24 hydrologic areas in the Eastern Coal province of the United States. It lies within the Appalachian Plateaus (Kanawha section) and Central Lowlands (Till Plains section) physiographic provinces and includes about 5,960 square miles in southeastern Ohio and northwestern West Virginia. The study area includes the Hocking River, Little Kanawha River, Shade River, Middle Island Creek, Fishing Creek, and other Ohio River tributaries. Sedimentary rocks of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian age crop out in the area. The major rock units from oldest to youngest are the Mississippian, undivided rocks (including the Maxville Limestone), the Allegheny Formation and Pottsville Group, the Conemaugh Group, the Monongahela Group, and the Dunkard Group. Coal is present in the Pennsylvanian and Permian Systems. About 61 percent of the land is covered by forest, and most of the remaining land is pasture and cropland. Only about 2 percent of the land has been affected by mining. Land slope ranges from relatively level floodplains to steep hillsides (4,200 feet per mile). Stream-channel slopes range from about 1 foot per mile to greater than 40 feet per mile. There is a wide range of soil types (29 soil associations) that are grouped in five land-resource areas. Annual precipitation averages about 41 inches and ranges from about 37 inches along the western edge of the area to about 60 inches along the eastern edge of the area. Average air temperatures range from about 35°F in winter to about 72 °F in summer. Estimated water use in the area during 1980 was 1,170 million gallons per day of which 90 percent was for power generation. Coal production during 1980 was about 1 million tons from 26 surface mines and about 6.7 million tons from 6 underground mines. Surface-water data are available for 158 locations in the area. Streamflow and water quality are influenced by geology, climate, size of drainage area, regulation, land use, and water use. The mean-annual runoff ranges from about 13 inches in the Hocking River basin to about 29 inches in the headwaters of the Little Kanawha River basin. The Ohio, Little Kanawha, and Hocking Rivers are partly controlled by dams to lessen flooding. The median specific conductance of surface water in the area was 260 micromhos per centimeter and ranged from 41 to 4,035 micromhos per centimeter. The median pH was 7.3 and ranged from 2.9 to 8.1. The median alkalinity was 42 milligrams per liter and ranged from 0 to 290 milligrams per liter. Sulfate concentration ranged from 4.8 to 2,845 milligrams per liter, had a median value of 35.5 milligrams per liter, and was highest ...
Injection of highly treated sewage (reclaimed water) into a sand aquifer on Long Island, N.Y., stimulated microbial growth near the well screen. Chlorination of the injectant to 2.5 milligrams per liter suppressed microbial growth to the extent that it did not contJ,ibute significantly to head buildup during injection. In the absence of chlorine, microbial growth caused extensive well clogging in a zone immediately adjacent to the well screen. During a resting period of several days between injection and well redevelopment, the inhibitory effect of chlorine dissipated and mi,crobial growth ensued. The clogging mat at the welVaquifer interface was loosened during this period, probably as a result of microbial activity. Little microbial activity was noted in the aquifer beyond 20 feet from the well screen; this activity probably resulted from small amounts of biotransformable substances not completely filtered out of the injectant by the aquifer materials. Movement of bacteria from the injection well into the aquifer was not extensive. In one test, in which injected water had substantial totalcoliform, fecal-coliform, and fecal-streptococcal densities, no fecal-coliform or fecal-streptococcal bacteria, and only nominal total-coliform bacteria, were found in water from an observation well 20 feet from the point of injection.
The U.S. Geological Survey, through its Toxic Waste-GroundWater Contamination Program, is undertaking an interdisciplinary research study of groundwater contamination by chlorinated solvents and associated contaminants. The purpose of the study is to gain a better understanding of the chemical, physical, and biological processes that affect the movement and fate of these contaminants in ground water. The study is being conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, where metal-plating and metaletching wastes have contaminated part of the glacial stratified-drift aquifers. This paper describes major areas of research at the site, including: (1) distribution and movement of chlorinated solvents in ground water, (2) behavior of chlorinated solvents in the unsaturated zone, (3) geochemistry of the contaminated ground water, and (4) microbial transformations of chlorinated solvents. This paper also describes objectives and plans of action for these areas of research.
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