In the course of operation of pipes conveying high temperature-high pressure fluid, unexpected behaviors leading to catastrophic failures have been observed. These have been attributed to uncertainties arising from issues not adequately addressed in the design. Sources of such uncertainties include geometric imperfection of the pipe and temperature variation. The perfectly straight pipe is assumed in most designs, but it is an idealization that does not exist in practice. In a bid to reduce the number of uncertainties in design and operation, a model governing nonlinear vibration of tensioned pipes conveying hot pressurized fluid that accounts for the geometric imperfection of the pipe is developed in this work. Coupled nonlinear equations of motion in both axial and transverse directions are obtained and solved using the eigenfunction expansion method. The influence of initial curvature, temperature, and the longitudinal vibration on the pipe are investigated. The results obtained show that a pipe with geometric imperfection exhibits cusp bifurcation and not supercritical pitchfork bifurcation.

An improved produced water reinjection (PWRI) model that incorporates filtration, geochemical reaction, molecular transport, and mass adsorption kinetics was developed to predict cake deposition and injectivity performance in hydrocarbon aquifers in Nigeria oil fields. Thus, the improved PWRI model considered contributions of geochemical reaction, adsorption kinetics, and hydrodynamic molecular dispersion mechanism to alter the injectivity and deposition of suspended solids on aquifer wall resulting in cake formation in pores during PWRI and transport of active constituents in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The injectivity decline and cake deposition for specific case studies of hydrocarbon aquifers in Nigeria oil fields were characterized with respect to its well geometry, lithology, and calibrations data and simulated in COMSOL multiphysics software environment. The PWRI model was validated by comparisons to assessments of previous field studies based on data and results supplied by operator and regulator. The results of simulation showed that PWRI performance was altered because of temporal variations and declinations of permeability, injectivity, and cake precipitation, which were observed to be dependent on active adsorption and geochemical reaction kinetics coupled with filtration scheme and molecular dispersion. From the observed results and findings, transition time t r to cake nucleation and growth were dependent on aquifer constituents, well capacity, filtration coefficients, particle-to-grain size ratio, water quality, and more importantly, particle-to-grain adsorption kinetics. Thus, the results showed that injectivity decline and permeability damage were direct contributions of geochemical reaction, hydrodynamic molecular diffusion, and adsorption kinetics to the internal filtration mechanism, which are largely dependent on the initial conditions of concentration of active constituents of produced water and aquifer capacity.

To date, efficient numerical simulation of contaminant transport in geologic porous media is challenged by parametric jumps resulting from stratification and the use of ideal initial/boundary conditions. Thus, to resolve some contaminant hydrology problems, this work presents the development of the Space-Time Conservation Element/Solution Element (CE/SE) scheme for advection-dispersion-reaction ad -r transport in geologic media. The CE/SE method derives from the native form of Gauss conservation law. Therefore, it is able to effectively handle non-trivial discontinuities that may exist within the problem domain. In freshwater aquifer, stratification and other parametric jumps are examples of such discontinuity. To simulate the Nigerian experience of nitrate pollution of freshwater aquifers; the ad -r contaminant transport model is herein solved under a time periodic nitrate fertilizer loading condition on farmlands. Results show that this approach is able to recover the wellknown field pattern of nitrate profiles under farmlands. Cyclic loading impacts more on the dispersivity of an aquifer. Hence, dispersion coefficient modulates the response of aquifers to loading frequency. However, aquifers with conductivity less than 10 −6 m/day are almost insensitive to periodic loads. The CE/SE method is able to sense slight (i.e. order of 10 −3) variation in hydrological parameters. Also, CE/SE computes contaminant concentration and its flux simultaneously. Thus, it facilitates a better understanding of some reported phenomena such as contaminant accumulation and localized reverse transport at the interface between fracture and matrix in geologic medium. Clearly, CE/SE is an efficient and admissible tool into the family of numerical methods available for tracking contaminant transport in porous media.

This work developed a reconfigurable Simulink-Autodesk Inventor similitude of multistage processes involved in medium scale urban runoff wastewater treatment plants WTPs. The reenactment approach for wastewater handling is modelled with detailed attention to its fundamental stages. Parameter identification techniques were used for stream improvement processes to realize a flexible and practicable virtual plant. Simulation results were obtained for wastewater treatment in the grit chamber, activated charcoal, coagulation and sedimentation basins respectively. Reduction in sand concentration and the volumetric flow rate of feedstock to effluent are / to . / and / to / respectively. The corresponding sedimentation speed is recorded as . / . The grit filters dry matter from 0.6g/l to 0.048720g/l; to realize 92% reduction of original dry matter in the feedstock. Thus, a prototype framework for input-process-output response analysis of an efficient wastewater treatment plant is developed to guide the design and implementation of new WTPs as well as optimize operations in existing facilities.

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