This paper presents a brief overview of the first investigations of the Earth's radiation field, aerosol and ozone layers and the transfer function of the atmosphere from manned space satellites (Soviet Sputniks) concerning remote sensing problems of the Earth's surface. Mathematical tools were created for these investigations and multidimensional spherical and plane models of radiation transfer in the Earth-Atmosphere system were elaborated. These investigations were conducted under Professor K. Ya. Kondratyev's leadership and with his direct participation. The perspectives of a global spherical model of radiation transfer in optical remote sensing data analysis are outlined. Original universal techniques are proposed for the first time for radiation transfer modelling in the Earth-Atmosphere system. The approach is based on the construction of generalized solutions in the form of functionals, the kernels of which are given by the influence functions of the atmosphere. These influence functions with different aerosol and molecular characteristics of scattering and absorption, as well as the different radiation regimes, can thus be calculated by different techniques in various approaches to radiation transfer theory.

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In this paper a review is presented of the pioneering space research carried out under the leadership of Professor K. Ya. Kondratyev and with his direct participation. Some of his work concerned with radiation transfer in the atmosphere and with remote sensing of the atmosphere and the Earth surface is cited. The achievements of scientists from the USSR and Russia in the field of exploration of the Earth from space, where Kondratyev played a very important role, are described. Fundamental and applied studies in atmospheric optics and other disciplines, connected with modelling of radiation transfer between the atmosphere and the underlying surface and with analysis of data observed from space, have been described in their development from the 1950s up to now. Mathematical modelling is considered as an indispensable tool in preparing and conducting space projects concerning studies of the Earth from space. Different stages are described of the onset and development of the relevant research with the participation of Kondratyev and his successors.

О р д е н а Л е н и н а ИНСТИТУТ ПРИКЛАДНОЙ МАТЕМАТИКИ имени М.В.Келдыша Р о с с и й с к о й а к а д е м и и н а у к Т.А.Сушкевич К 55-летию открытия стратосферных аэрозольных слоев из космоса: вулканы и проблемы климата (Посвящается 65-летию ИПМ имени М.В.Келдыша и его достижениям в пилотируемой космонавтике) Москва-2018 Сушкевич Т.А. К 55-летию открытия стратосферных аэрозольных слоев из космоса: вулканы и проблемы климата (Посвящается 65-летию ИПМ имени М.В.Келдыша и его достижениям в пилотируемой космонавтике) Цель настоящей публикации-обратить внимание на класс больших задач аэрокосмического дистанционного зондирования и глобального мониторинга климата Земли. В июне 2018 года отмечается 55-летие ПЕРВОГО в истории мировой науки научного эксперимента, осуществленного космонавтами на пилотируемых «кораблях-спутниках». Это был ПЕРВЫЙ научный эксперимент по дистанционному зондированию Земли из космоса. Обнаружили стратосферные аэрозольные слои, образованные вследствие мощных извержений вулкана Агунг на острове Бали в 1963 году. Извержения вулкана Агунг в 2017-2018 годах напомнили о пионерских достижениях советских космонавтов и ученых в освоении космического пространства. Руководил экспериментом Г.В.Розенберг. Публикация посвящена 65-летию Института прикладной математики имени М.В.Келдыша РАН, который 55 лет назад в июне 1963 года обеспечил баллистические расчеты космических кораблей «Восток-5» и «Восток-6» и успешный полет советских космонавтов В.Ф.Быковского и В.В.Николаевой-Терешковойпервой женщины-космонавта. Ключевые слова: вулкан Агунг, стратосферные аэрозольные слои, дистанционное зондирование из космоса, пилотируемая космонавтикаTamara Alexeevna Sushkevich To the 55th anniversary of the discovery of stratospheric aerosol layers from space: volcanoes and climate problems (Dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics and its achievements in manned cosmonautics) The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a class of large problems of aerospace remote sensing and global monitoring of the Earth's climate. In June 2018, the 55th anniversary of the FIRST scientific experiment in the history of world science, carried out by cosmonauts on manned «spacecraftsputnik», is celebrated. It was the FIRST scientific experiment on remote sensing of the Earth from space. Stratospheric aerosol layers formed due to the powerful eruptions of Agung volcano in Bali in 1963 were discovered. The eruptions of Agung volcano in 2017-2018 reminded of the pioneering achievements of Soviet cosmonauts and scientists in the exploration of space. Guided by the experiment G.V.Rosenberg. This paper is devoted to the 65th anniversary of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, which 55 years ago in June 1963 provided the ballistic calculations of spacecraft «Vostok-5» and «Vostok-6» and the successful flight of Soviet cosmonauts V.F.Bykovsky and V.V.Nikolaeva-Tereshkovathe first woman-cosmonaut.

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