The current state of land use in Ukraine is characterized by high agricultural development and land cultivation. The predominant share in the total land stock of Ukraine is occupied by agricultural land (70.8% of the country's territory). Ukraine accounts for about 0.45% of the world land fund, while arable land occupies 2.4% of its world-wide area. According to resource-based indicators of land use Ukraine is also characterized by an extremely high level of development of living space and only about 8% of the territory can be attributed to anthropogenically unchanged. Ecological and economic aspects of land use include of rational land use, which characterizes the optimal involvement of all lands in economic circulation and their effective use for the main purpose, creation of favorable conditions for increasing productivity of agricultural land and obtaining from the unit of area the maximum amount of products at the lowest cost of labor and funds. The article substantiates that degradation of soils has its own characteristics, caused by various factors and processes. It is established that the practice of land use and the state of study of the above problems will require further study of the preconditions for the development of land degradation processes caused by the main factors: human economic activity and climatic and relief-ground conditions. The existing system of land protection in agriculture due to the influence of a number of natural and economic factors, as well as insufficient attention from the state does not ensure their rational use. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to an integrated system of protection of agricultural land.

The article substantiates the importance, the principle of the action of probiotics, the purpose of their application, the mechanisms of therapeutic and prophylactic action, the effectiveness of the use of probiotic drugs and the feasibility of their application. It is known that the ideal probiotic should be of the origin of the body for which it will be used, be resistant to acids and bile, capable of adhesion and colonization in the intestinal tract or other ecosystems, to produce antibiotic substances, to prevent the development of cariogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, to be safe for use in products and clinics and have a well-defined and validated clinical trial with a positive effect on human or animal health. Positive effects of probiotics are manifested in reducing the duration of toxic effects or increasing the resistance to action of pathogens. The components of probiotics are representatives of normal microflora, and therefore the main mechanisms that determine their degree and direction of healing effect on the host organism are colonization resistance and immunomodulatory ability, regulation of metabolic processes and detoxification action, anti-carcinogenic activity. These functions are implemented through enzymatic, vitamin-synthesizing, antagonistic and adhesive activity. Strains of bacteria of probiotics produce a wide range of digestive enzymes - amylase, lipase, protease, pectinase, endoglucanose and phytase. Important impetus for the use of probiotics was the recommendations and requirements for limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock used for therapeutic purposes. The adverse effect of fodder antibiotics is the appearance of diarrhea in animals, as well as the risk of the formation and rapid reproduction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella spec. Probiotic drugs are most often used in the treatment of a number of pathological conditions occurring against the background of disturbed normal microflora of the human body. Probiotic drugs can also be used for the prevention and treatment of major dental diseases: caries, chronic generalized periodontitis of catarrhal gingivitis, aphthous stomatitis. In experimental studies, it has been shown that intestinal microbiota, interacting with the host organism, can increase the number of osteoclasts, for example, in the femoral bones, and, consequently, decrease their density, which confirms the growth of catabolic activity of bones under conditions of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Recently, for the normalization of metabolic processes in the organism of farm animals and poultry began to use probiotic drugs, which, in essence, are a living microbial supplement to the feed and have a positive effect on the body through improving its intestinal microbial balance. Probiotics, as environmentally safe drugs, help to reduce the man-caused and microbial stress on the animals organism in conditions of intensive production of livestock products, which prevents the development of many pathologies in animals, and, consequently, in humans. Probiotic products should be characterized by a pronounced antagonistic activity to a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, to be strong immunomodulators and to produce bacteriocin and enzymes. The bacteria that are part of the probiotics should remain viable when passing through the gastrointestinal tract of animals and poultry, as well as in the production of feed (for example, in granulation). At present, the effectiveness of the use of probiotics for stimulation of growth intensity and prevention of diseases of young animals, increase of productivity and quality of received products, prevention of gynecological diseases in cows, prevention of viral diseases of bees and increase of their productivity, reduction of parasitic diseases in fish and increase of efficiency of fish farming is substantiated. A promising direction for improving probiotics is the development of complex drugs, which include different types of bacterial cultures that complement each other by specific activity and the effect on opportunistic microorganisms.

The current state of the components of the environment, the resource-recreational potential of the Rohatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region are analyzed. It is noted that the district has a sufficiently high integral indicator of anthropogenic environmental loads, nature management here is often irrational and ecologically unbalanced, and natural resource efficiency is rather low. The basis of restructuring of the economy of the Rohatyn region is to lay its investment and innovation model, taking into account the peculiarities of the region's potential, in particular the efficient use of its natural resource component. Although the Rohatyn region is not a rich region for natural resources, scientifically sound rational use of these resources should be an essential prerequisite for further socio-economic development. The absence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials gives rise to the search for another model of economic development of the region. At the same time, one should not forget about landscape and recreational resources, mineral water reserves, certain types of mineral resources. Such a model of its time was implemented in other regions through the formation of an appropriate sectoral structure of the economy, when the faces of economic development were determined by the sectors of processing of agricultural raw materials, agricultural machinery, services. Further development requires the development of programmatic actions to restore once destroyed production capacity, as well as the functioning of businesses that focus on the use of local resources. It is established that Rohatyn region has considerable potential for the development of the recreational and tourism industry. It is necessary to develop tourism infrastructure; to develop a holistic tourist product that is able to satisfy the needs of international and domestic tourism to the maximum, taking into account the natural-climatic, recreational, socio-economic and historical-cultural potential. As a central part of the Opilia region, the Rohatyn district has considerable historical and cultural potential, which should be more actively used for the development of cognitive tourism, for national and patriotic education of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to contribute in every way to the development of rural green tourism, which can be based on the use of both natural and historical and cultural resources of the region. To do this, it is necessary to contribute in every possible way to the preservation of unique places of nature, the creation of new and the discovery of little-known historical and cultural monuments, to develop patronage.

Preservation of genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity is one of the most important tasks of the world community for achieving balanced development. The features of regional development and basic problems of the naturally-protected fund of the Lviv area are considered in the article. It is substantiated that the problem of optimization of the natural environment, and in particular the lands of the nature reserve fund, is extremely relevant and needs to be solved. The functionally-spatial features of land-tenure (structure of lands) and distribution of the protected objects and territories within the limits of Lviv region testify to subzero part of the protected territories of the multifunctional setting, a few of large area of the protected territories, absolute majority from that belong to forest, and presence of plenty of the shallow point protected objects that can’t to a full degree provide maintenance of genetic and landscape variety. Such a situation necessitates the activation of the creation of new territories and objects of the natural reserve fund in the region, taking into account its natural geographic zoning, territorial features of vegetation, flora, fauna and landscapes, as well as prospects for the development of the ecological network as a holistic system of natural and semi-natural territories. It is determined that the share of objects of the reserve fund from the total area of the region, the diversity of natural landscapes and plant communities, the territorial structure of the protected areas is not fully in line with international standards. For the effective functioning and development of the reserve fund of the region, a complex of optimization measures was proposed, in particular, the network expansion and the enhancement of the representativeness of protected areas, including multifunctional purposes, optimization of land use, implementation of renaturalization, and raising the ecological and educational level of the population.

The article states that meadow phytocenoses are distinguished from others (forest, steppe, desert, water and others) by the dependence of the composition and structure (structure) of meadow communities on environmental conditions. At the same time, onions differ from agrophytocenoses on arable lands. On arable land, in the process of crop rotation every year (or with a break of one year in the chain of peren-nial grasses), the existence of phytocenosis is disturbed by the agricultural machinery used to cultivate the soil. Therefore, crops of grain or row crops are always available for the spread of weeds. In order to control their number, it is necessary to use an integrated system of plant protection, which includes agrotechnical measures, and biological and chemical methods of control. The meadow, unlike such agrophytocenosis, is closed to the spread of weeds, since there are competitive relationships between the plant populations that are part of it. It is substantiated that as a result of competition and differentiation of niches, the structure of the meadow phytocenosis is formed – the height difference of the aerial parts and the depth of the root systems. There are no clear layers of it above ground or below ground in meadow grass stands, but sometimes stable combinations of species are formed on the meadow, which are repeated like spots. Such spots are called micro groups, and the phenomenon itself is called mosaicism. However, mosaicism is not very common and is usually associated with the distribution of leguminous components, which have a stronger impact on the environment than other species. Leguminous grasses are known to enrich the soil with nitrogen as a result of the activity of nitrogen fixers symbiotically associated with them, and in favorable years they form many leaves, which can limit the growth of light-loving species. It was noted that the peculiarity of meadow phytocenoses is the correspondence of their composition and structure to the smallest changes in environmental conditions, which in forest phytocenoses will be leveled as a result of the strong influence of trees, and in arable land they are somewhat leveled by the system of soil cultivation, application of fertilizers and sowing. However, rapid spatial variability is only one of the many qualities of these plastic communities. Meadow phytocenoses can change over time quite quickly. At the same time, it is worth distinguishing 2 types of changes – reversible and irreversible. In the first case, changes in the composition of meadow phytocenosis are associated with seasonal changes, with fluctuations in weather conditions in different years, with the intensity of pasture use, outbreaks of the number of certain types of meadow grasses, or the spread of nematodes or pest insects on meadow grasses. In the second case, meadow communities change under the influence of anthropogenic factors (hay mowing or fertilization) or, on the contrary, self-restore after the cessation of the influence of a certain factor. It should be noted that usually 2 main variants of successions can be observed on meadow phytocenoses: caused by internal causes (autogenic) and external (allogenic). However, it should be noted that the main successions in meadows are allogenous, which are related to changes in environmental conditions or the mode of use. Most often, the root cause of these changes is the human factor. Autogenous changes are most often restorative in nature.