The magnetic field modulation due to the discrete nature of the field coils in a Tokamak leads to additional particle trapping. The resulting diffusion is evaluated and compared with the neoclassical diffusion. The two diffusion rates are found to be comparable in existing Tokamaks. The limit on the field ripple below which ripple diffusion should be negligible in the next generation of machines is evaluated.

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The response of the edge plasma to an applied voltage is analysed. When the anomalous transport is ambipolar, the radial current is determined by neoclassical fluxes. An equation is given for the neoclassical radial current which is valid across the transition between the plateau regime and the collisional viscous regime. The current first increases with the applied electric field E1 and then decreases owing to either the resonant velocity band being pushed to the tail of the ion velocity distribution or a decrease in viscous damping. Thus the same current can be driven by two different electric fields, E1 and E2. This allows an equilibrium field profile to be obtained, where E changes abruptly from E1 to E2 at some intermediate radius, while maintaining current continuity. It is shown unambiguously that a continuous electric field profile becomes unstable when the applied voltage exceeds a critical value, the instability being driven by negative incremental resistivity. The profile then bifurcates and forms a branch with a discontinuous electric field. Qualitatively, the predicted behaviour agrees well with that observed in tokamaks where an H mode has been induced using a biased electrode. Quantitative comparisons with TEXTOR results are made and the predictions are found to be in qualitative agreement with measurement. The implications for spontaneous L-H transitions are discussed

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