A method for mass rearing the parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) was developed, using the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) as insect host, and the Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean as host plant. About 1,500 parasitoids per tray of 84 plants emerged from about 2,000 leafminer larvae; 70% of these were females. The most suitable release density of host was two pairs of leafminer adults per bean plant, and that of parasitoid was three pairs per 24 leafminer larvae. Adult parasitoids were harvested based on positive photo-tactic response with 94.5% efficiency. Plants were improved by trimming their tips to increase the leaf area. The trimming process increased the number of leafminer larvae by about 32%. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization of plants overcame the size reduction of the insects due to continuous rearing. Rearing of leafminer under light-dark (16:8 h) cycle decreased the development period of larvae and pupae. In addition, it restricted the time and duration of larval emergence and adult eclosion. Storage of parasitoid males and females at 7 and 10°C ± 0.5, respectively, proved to be optimal. The fertility of the massproduced parasitoids after 1 year of rearing reduced by about 23%, and the sex ratio shifted toward males. In conclusion, successful mass production of N. formosa was achieved through designing suitable rearing cage and an efficient harvesting device, improving the host plant, and determining the age and the conditions for cold storage of the parasitoid and its host. Next, we checked the characteristics of the massproduced wasps to ensure the efficacy when used in the field.
The population density of Bemisia tabaci reaches its lowest level during late winter. The causes of the decline were studied in Jordan Valley in 1977/78 and 1979/80. Part of the decline in relative density is due to a, dilution effect”; the whitefly population is distributed among an ever‐increasing amount of hostplant foliage. Oviposition is impaired by rain and low temperature, but in Jordan Valley only during few days the temperature never surpasses the oviposition threshold of 14°. Major mortality among the immature stages is caused by dyschronism of pest development and leaf ageing: Under a low temperature regime, whitefly development does not keep step with leaf ageing so that a major part of the population has not yet finished its development when the host leaf dies. The extent of this mortality depends in part on the temperature and in part on the host plant species. On hostplants with rather persistent leaves (cauliflower, Lantana) larvae of B. tabaci can survive well but on host plants with short‐lived leaves (e. g. squash) mortality will be complete. Zusammenfassung Populationsstudien an Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hom., Aleyrodidae) während der Wintersaison II. Einige Mortalitätsfaktoren der Entwicklungsstadien Die Populationsdichte von Bemisia tabaci erreicht gegen Ausgang des Winters ihre niedrigsten Werte. Die Ursachen des Rückganges wurden 1977/78 und 1979/80 im mittleren Jordantal untersucht. Z. T. beruht der Rückgang an relativer Dichte einfach darauf, daß sich die Population der Weißen Fliege auf eine immer größere Blattmasse verteilt (, Verdünnungseffekt”). Daneben wird die Eiablage durch Regen und niedrige Temperaturen behindert; jedoch wird der Schwellenwert für die Eiablage, 14 °C, fast den ganzen Winter hindurch täglich überschritten. Der wichtigste Mortalitätsfaktor der Entwicklungsstadien ist die Dyschronie zwischen ihrer Entwicklung und dem Altern der Blätter: Bei niedrigen Temperaturen hält die Entwicklung der Eier und der unbeweglichen Larven mit der Entwicklung und dem Altern der Wirtsblätter nicht mehr Schritt, so daß ein Großteil der Population die Entwicklung noch nicht abgeschlossen hat, wenn das Wirtsblatt abstirbt. Das Ausmaß der hierdurch hervorgerufenen Mortalität hängt zum Teil von der Temperatur, zum anderen Teil aber von der Wirtspflanzenart ab. Auf Wirtspflanzen mit langlebigen Blättern (z. B. Kohl, Lantana) können die Larven überleben, aber auf Pflanzen mit kurzlebigen Blättern (z. B. Zucchini) kann es zu 100%iger Mortalität kommen.
The spatial distribution of the immature stages of Bemisia tahaci is determined by their immobility ‐ the last developmental instar is found only on older leaves ‐ and by the habits of the ovipositing female. Young leaves are preferred as oviposition site but some eggs are laid even on very old leaves. The influence of leaf size, trichomes and infestation with spider mites on the distribtion of eggs is discussed. Leaf age is a major source of variance of population density and ought to be considered in all sampling procedures. Zusammenfassung Populationsstudien an Bemisia tabaci Genu. (Hom., Aleyrodidae) während der Wintersaison. I. Räumliche Verteilung an einigen Wirtspflanzen Die räumliche Verteilung der Entwicklungsstadien von Bemisia tabaci wird einerseits durch ihre Ortstreue, wegen der ältere Stadien auch nur auf älteren Blättern zu finden sind, und andererseits durch die Eiablagegewohnheiten des Weibchens bestimmt. Junge Blätter werden bevorzugt, aber einige Eier werden selbst auf die ältesten Blätter abgelegt. Der Einfluß von Blattgröße, Trichomen und Befall mit Spinnmilben wird diskutiert. Das Blattalter ist eine wesentliche Varianzursache fur die Populationsdichte und sollte bei allen Dichteerhebungen berücksichtigt werden.
Abstract. Both Scymnus syriacus Mars. and Scymnus levaillanti Muls. are aphidophagous coccinellids. In the laboratory they consumed and successfully reproduced on several species of aphids. Larvae suck the prey contents from aphid appendages, while adults consume the whole aphid, except for parts of the appendages. Extra-oral digestion is practiced during feeding. The mean number of aphids consumed by the larval stage of S. syriacus when reared at 25°C was 95, and 130 aphids at 30°C. For S. levaillanti it was 125 and 139 aphids at 25°C and 30°C, respectively. The mean number of eggs deposited daily by S. syriacus for the first three weeks of adult life was 19.5, with a range of 3-30 eggs at 25°C. Longevity of adults ranged from 3 to 4 months at 25°C and 2.5-3 months at 30°C .
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