Relief-well requirements were investigated for a dynamic kill of a high-rate gas blowout from a deepwater reservoir to define any necessary special procedures or equipment. Results of the investigation show that a high injection rate and a specialdesign large-diameter injection riser are required to dynamically kill such a blowout with seawater. The injection riser is necessary to limit surface pump pressure during the high-rate kill operation. Procedures to complete the killing operation hydrostatically with heavy fluid following the dynamic kill are outlined. Pf,an = friction pressure in relief well annulus, psi [kPa] Pf,ani = sum of dynamic pressure losses in relief-well annulus, psi [kPa] Pf,bo = friction pressure in blowout well, psi [kPa] Pf,c = friction pressure in choke line, psi [kPa] Pfm = formation pressure, psi [kPa]

This paper is based on the subsea work performed during the design, implementation and operation of the Cascade and Chinook Field Development Project in ultra-deep waters of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (USGoM). It describes the engineering, procurement, construction, installation, operation and integrity management phases of the subsea production system. This project required several innovative technologies and solutions that resulted in several " firsts" and records for the industry: first of a kind and deepest subsea boosting system with ESP-Electric submerged pumps installed on the seabed at 8800 ft, non-conventional power umbilicals utilizing carbon fiber rods as the principal tensile strength elements, first subsea pull-in of umbilicals utilizing a submerged winch, deepest and highest pressure rated Free Standing Hybrid Risers (FSHRs), deepest pipe-in pipe flowline and deepest gas export pipeline. This case history paper also describes the procurement strategies employed and the project management systems adopted to mitigate technical, time and cost risks. Introduction The C&C fields are located in the Walker Ridge Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) leasing area of the central USGoM. Both fields are situated near the base of the Sigsbee Escarpment on the abyssal plain of the USGoM in ultra deep water. Cascade is located about 160 miles south of the Louisiana coast in 8,200 ft water depth and Chinook is about 15 miles due south of Cascade in 8,800 ft water depth. The Cascade discovery was made in 2002 and Chinook was discovered in 2003. The C&C reservoirs are in the Lower Tertiary (Wilcox) Ultra-Deepwater trend. After appraisal work the C&C was sanctioned in late 2007 based on a phased development concept. The initial project phase, the subject of this paper, is an early production scenario based on a limited number of wells and subsea infrastructure and the purpose of this initial phase is to gain reservoir information in order to optimize future development phases. The initial phase utilizes a leased, disconnectable, floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel located between the fields. Produced oil is transported from the field in shuttle vessels and gas is exported through an export pipeline. The main reason for selecting the FPSO was safety, primarily with respect to hurricanes. The detachable turret mooring buoy provides a mooring point for the FPSO and during the approach of a hurricane the buoy enables the FPSO to disconnect in a short period of time in order to depart the area. Future phases increase the amount of producing wells and subsea infrastructure and a definitive optimized permanent production facility is to be installed in the last phase. Decisions on the type of and design basis of a definitive facility and number of wells will be finalized in 2013 and 2014.

The development of intelligent running tools (smart tools) for subsea drilling and completion equipment is presented. The system provides intelligent feed-back of critical parameters while landing and operating subsea marine wellhead equipment. Two way conmmication is provided between the rig floor and the subsea wellhead and real time data is provided to the operator to allow informed decisions to be quickly made. Many other subsea applications are envisioned for this simple and rugged communication system. INTRODUCTION With the recent upturn in subsea drilling and production activities, safety and reliability have continued to grow in importance. To maintain the level of safety required, subsea operators must be able to reliably verify that all operations are performed accurately. In 1987, a cause-of-malfunction survey conducted for marine wellhead equipment showed that a significant number of field problem were not caused by equipment failure, but rather by various types of mislocation errors associated with improper component positioning within the wellhead. Such errors were especially noted during installation of casing hangers and seal assemblies and retrieval of wear bushings. In any case, the misinstallation of a hanger or seal assembly or the failure to properly retrieve a wear bushing could have expensive and potentially dangerous consequences to the drilling program. In the past, subsea operators have had to perform vital operations with minimal feedback to the surface. Standard rig floor indications (which can be vague or misleading, especially in deep water) have been the basic means to tell the rig operator if procedures have been successfully completed. DEVELOPMENT GOAL The development goal was to produce a system which could provide real time data to the rig operator while operating in a background mode without interfering with normal rig operations. Further, the goal was to prove the feasibility of using acoustical means of transmitting data from the subsea wellhead to the surface rig floor. THE SMART TOOL SYSTEM The smart tool system is shown schematically in figure 1. System components are shown in figure 2. The system consists of three main assemblies:a remote communications and control box,a surface sub, anda subsea smart sub. A) The remote communications and control box allows the operator to collect data via FM radio while located in a position remote from the drill floor to eliminate interference with normal rig operations, The control box contains a computer which is preprograrmmed with all the pertinent operating parameters for a number of predetermined equipment systems (For example, different wellhead systems, different functions within the wellhead system, etc.). The operator enters the data to tell the computer which specific type of equipment is being used and which operation is being performed. Then, upon request from the operator, the computer initiates two way communications with the surface sub via FM radio and requests the desired information. B) The surface sub in turn requests the required information from the subsea smart sub. Two way communication between the surface sub and the smart sub is provided by sending binary data via acoustical pulses through the drill pipe running string using an FSK (frequency shift keying) communication scheme. Specialized electronic circuits filter the signal from the background noise.