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Biofertilizers nowadays have been realised for shifting fortunes in agriculture. It has been proven successful technology in many developed countries while in developing countries exploitation of bioinoculants is hampered by several factors. Scientific knowledge on bioinoculants and its usage will pave way for its effective usage. At the same time overlooking the significance of ensuring and maintaining a high quality standard of the product will have negative impact. Hence a proper knowledge of bioinoculants and its functioning will pave way to tape the resources in a better way. Thus the chapter provide overview knowledge about different bacterial, fungal and algal biofertilizers, its associations with plants and transformations of nutrients in soil. Adopting a rational approach to the use and management of microbial fertilizers in sustainable agriculture thrive vast potential for the future.

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Although many bacterial species have been isolated from the rhizosphere of various crop plants, the recent discovery is Burkholderia sp., an endophytic bacterium. In this study, the Burkholderia isolates viz., RB 1 (Rice Burkholderia 1), MB 2 (Maize Burkholderia 2), SB 3 (Sugarcane Burkholderia 3) and BB 4 (Black gram Burkholderia 4) were enumerated from the root, stem and leaf samples of four different crops viz., rice, maize, sugarcane and black gram using N-free BAz (Burkholderia Azelaic acid) medium, in which black gram roots were observed higher population. Further, growth promoting activities of the Burkholderia isolates were examined, the maximum production of IAA and GA was noticed on the BB 4 as compared to other isolates and the cytokinin production was recorded more in isolates SB 3 followed by BB 4 . Among the four isolates, maximum amount of salicylate type was noticed in RB 1 and catechol type was recorded higher in BB 4 which showed that these isolates were capable to produce Siderophore. The ACC deaminase activity of the isolates were exhibited, the BB 4 was recorded more followed by SB 3 . Therefore, the endophytic Burkholderia isolates also the important contributor to the crop growth through secretion of growth promoting substances, production of siderophore and ACC deaminase activities may improve the Agriculture production.

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