A common result of Environmental Impact Assessments associated with mining projects is the construction of new wetlands in areas disturbed by mining operations. Where appropriate, this mitigation may be considered an integral part of the mine reclamation process under the principles of sustainable development in the minerals industry. Wetbud is a new tool for estimating wetland water budgets using available weather data and site-specific topographic, soil and geohydrologic data, coupled with mass balance mathematics. Wetbud is primarily intended as a planning tool for use in the design of created wetlands, but it can also be applied to native wetlands or wetland restoration sites where the required input parameters can be specified. Wetbud can be run in its basic form where wetland topography, soil parameters and groundwater flux are simplified, or in the advanced form, where these parameters are included in a more complex approach via integration of the MODFLOW package, a free 3D program that was developed by the United States Geological Survey. Both versions can also include overbank flow hydrology sources and the advanced form can also model sloping and irregular topography. The program downloads weather data from the nearest applicable station and selects appropriate wet-normal-dry (W-N-D) years following a modest user data clean-up step. Wetbud also has the ability to utilize existing short-term (e.g. 6 to 9 months) groundwater data from an up-gradient well to simulate longer-term groundwater level inputs for the selected W-N-D years. In addition, Wetbud features a "Wizard" version that comes pre-loaded with 14 pre-selected weather data sets for all areas of Virginia that can develop a simple monthly water budget in less than 15 minutes -a feature that could be expanded anywhere geographically with historic weather data.

National Water-Quality Asses INTRODUCTIONThe Nation's water resources are the basis for life and our economic vitality. These resources support a complex web of human activities and fishery and wildlife needs that depend upon clean water. Demands for good quality water for drinking, recreation, farming, and industry are rising, and as a result, the American public is concerned about the condition and sustainability of our water resources. The American public is asking: Is it safe to swim in and drink water from our rivers or lakes? Can we eat the fish that come from them? Is our ground water polluted? Is water quality degrading with time, and if so, why? Has all the money we've spent to clean up our waters done any good? The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program was designed to provide information that will help answer these questions.NAWQA is designed to assess historical, current, and future water-quality conditions in representative river basins and aquifers nationwide. One of the primary objectives of the program is to describe relations between natural factors, human activities, and water-quality conditions and to define those factors that most affect water quality in different parts of the Nation. The linkage of water quality to environmental processes is of fundamental importance to water-resource managers, planners, and policy makers. It provides a strong and unbiased basis for better decisionmaking by those responsible for making decisions that affect our water resources, including the United States Congress, Federal, State, and local agencies, environmental groups, and industry. Information from the NAWQA Program also will be useful for guiding research, monitoring, and regulatory activities in cost effective ways.

Introduction 1 Purpose and scope 1 Physiographic and geologic setting 2 Hydrogeology of parts of Pinellas County 4 Surficial aquifer system 4 Intermediate confining unit 5 Floridan aquifer system 5 Zone A 5 Semiconfining unit between zones A and B 6 Zone B 7 Water-quality data 8 Potential for development of brackish groundwater resources 8 Simulation of the effects of development on the quality of ground water Model approach and limitations 9 Boundary conditions 12 Input parameters 12 Finite-difference methods 13 Model results and sensitivity analysis 14 Solute concentration distribution 14 Pumping rates 15 Hydraulic conductivity of the lower semiconfining unit 15 Intermediate confining unit thickness 15 Porosity 15 Dispersivity 16 Boundary conditions 16 Partially penetrating wells 16 Feasibility of developing the brackish groundwater resources 18 Summary and conclusions 18 Selected references 19 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of study area 2 2. Generalized stratigraphic and hydrogeologic section, Pinellas County 3 3-7. Maps showing: 3. Thickness of the surficial aquifer system, Pinellas County 4 4. Thickness of the intermediate confining unit, Pinellas County 5 5. Top of permeable zone A of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Pinellas County 6 6. Bottom of permeable zone A of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Pinellas County 7 7. Thickness of permeable zone A of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Pinellas County 7 8. Graph showing relation between chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations in water from selected wells in Pinellas County 10 9-12. Maps showing: 9. Estimated concentration of dissolved solids in water from selected wells open to permeable zone A of the Upper Floridan aquifer, Pinellas County 10 10. Location of well fields in Pinellas County 11 11. Differences in water levels in wells completed in the surficial aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer, September 1981 (wet-season conditions) 11 Contents III

No abstract

The relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin was defined. The methods used include seismic-reflection profiling along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River and evaluation of streamflow, rainfall, groundwater levels, water quality, and geologic data. Major municipal well fields in the basin are Morris Bridge and Cypress Creek where an average of 15.3 and 30.0 million gallons per day, respectively, was pumped in 1980. Mean annual rainfall for the study area is 53.7 inches. Average rainfall for 1980, determined from eight rainfall stations, was 49.7 inches. Evapotranspiration, corrected for the 5 percent of the basin that is standing water, was 35.7 inches per year. The principal hydrogeologic units in the basin are the surficial aquifer, the intermediate aquifer and confining beds, the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. Tota'l pumpage of ground water in 1980 was 98.18 million gallons per day. The surficial aquifer and the intermediate aquifer are not used for major groundwater supply in the basin. Continuous marine seismic-reflection data collected along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River were interpreted to define the riverbed profile, the thickness of surficial deposits, and the top of persistent limestone. The top of the limestone exhibited an irregular surface that is typical of buried karst. A large sinkhole under the river was identified about 1 mile south of the river's confluence with Trout Creek. Major areas of groundwater discharge near the Hillsborough River and its tributaries are the wetlands adjacent to the river between the Zephyrhills gaging station and Fletcher Avenue and the wetlands adjacent to Cypress Creek. An estimated 20 million gallons per day seeps upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer within those wetland areas. The runoff per square mile is greater at the Zephyrhills station than at Morris Bridge. However, results of groundwater flow models and potentiometric-surface maps indicate that ground water is flowing upward along the Hillsborough River between the Zephyrhills gage and the Morris Bridge gage. This upward leakage is lost to evapotranspiration.