Sarcopenia was associated with pre-frailty and frailty, whereas cognitive decline was associated only with frailty.

Progress on researches of two-dimensional (2D) metals strongly relies on development of the growth technique. Studies on preparation of 2D metals have so far been limited, and this is in stark contrast to the situation of 2D semiconductors, where various layered semiconductors, including MoS 2 , WS 2 , MoSe 2 , WSe 2 , have been isolated in its monolayer form. In this work, we have developed a facile method to prepare 2D metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, where direct growth of few-layered NbS 2 (3R phase) on atomically flat hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been demonstrated. Structural characterization of the so-grown NbS 2 was performed with atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy, revealing that the utilization of hBN as growth substrates is a key factor for the first successful CVD growth of 2D metallic TMDCs with large single-domain size (several μm). Electrical transport measurements have clearly shown that NbS 2 atomic layers down to few-layerthickness are metal. The current study opens up a new synthetic route for controllable growth of 2D layered metallic materials, which is of great importance in study of rich physics in 2D metals, as well as in search for novel 2D superconductors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the functional movement screen (FMS) could predict running injuries in competitive runners. Eighty-four competitive male runners (average age = 20.0 ± 1.1 years) participated. Each subject performed the FMS, which consisted of 7 movement tests (each score range: 0-3, total score range: 0-21), during the preseason. The incidence of running injuries (time lost because of injury ≤ 4 weeks) was investigated through a follow-up survey during the 6-month season. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to investigate which movement tests were significantly associated with running injuries. The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cutoff. The mean FMS composite score was 14.1 ± 2.3. The ROC analysis determined the cutoff at 14/15 (sensitivity = 0.73, specificity = 0.54), suggesting that the composite score had a low predictability for running injuries. However, the total scores (0-6) from the deep squat (DS) and active straight leg raise (ASLR) tests (DS and ASLR), which were significant with the U-test, had relatively high predictability at the cutoff of 3/4 (sensitivity = 0.73, specificity = 0.74). Furthermore, the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the DS and ASLR scores of ≤3 significantly influenced the incidence of running injuries after adjusting for subjects' characteristics (odds ratio = 9.7, 95% confidence interval = 2.1-44.4). Thus, the current study identified the DS and ASLR score as a more effective method than the composite score to screen the risk of running injuries in competitive male runners.

These results provide evidence for the expansion of skin-homing type 2 cytokine-secreting T cells, associated with a reduction in skin-homing type 1 cytokine-producing T cells, in peripheral blood of AD patients.