Reports of low quality pharmaceuticals have been on the rise in the last decade with the greatest prevalence of substandard medicines in developing countries, where lapses in manufacturing quality control or breaches in the supply chain allow substandard medicines to reach the marketplace. Here, we describe inexpensive test cards for fast field screening of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing beta lactam antibiotics or combinations of the four first-line antituberculosis (TB) drugs. The devices detect the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) ampicillin, amoxicillin, rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, and also screen for substitute pharmaceuticals such as acetaminophen and chloroquine that may be found in counterfeit pharmaceuticals. The tests can detect binders and fillers like chalk, talc, and starch not revealed by traditional chromatographic methods. These paper devices contain twelve lanes, separated by hydrophobic barriers, with different reagents deposited in the lanes. The user rubs some of the solid pharmaceutical across the lanes and dips the edge of the paper into water. As water climbs up the lanes by capillary action, it triggers a library of different chemical tests and a timer to indicate when the tests are completed. The reactions in each lane generate colors to form a “color bar code” which can be analyzed visually by comparison to standard outcomes. While quantification of the APIs is poor compared to conventional analytical methods, the sensitivity and selectivity for the analytes is high enough to pick out suspicious formulations containing no API or a substitute API, as well as formulations containing APIs that have been “cut” with inactive ingredients.

The excitation spectra of indole and indole-2,3,4,5,6,7-d6 have been obtained with jet-cooled one-color resonant two-photon ionization (1 C R2PI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). The deuterated indole spectra have been vibronically analyzed in the region 0; to 0; + 904 cm-I using the single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) results of Bickel et al.5 as a guide for the deuterated species and an ab initio ground-state vibrational calculation of both species. This calculation was obtained by using Gaussian 90, from which the excited-state frequencies of the deuterated species have been estimated from the known excited-state normal protonated values. Comparison of both excited-state vibronic spectra has shown an essentially 1:l porrespondence between all of the bands, suggesting that there is no significant band in the indole spectrum in this interval which can uniquely be assigned as belonging to a system other than the l L b -'A' transition.

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