The study aimed to assess the value placed on oral health states by measuring the utility of mouths in which teeth had been lost and to explore variations in utility values within and between two contrasting cultures, UK and Iran. One hundred and fifty eight patients, 84 from UK and 74 from Iran, were recruited from clinics at University-based faculties of dentistry. All had experienced tooth loss and had restored or unrestored dental spaces. They were presented with 19 different scenarios of mouths with missing teeth. Fourteen involved the loss of one tooth and five involved shortened dental arches (SDAs) with varying numbers of missing posterior teeth. Each written description was accompanied by a verbal explanation and digital pictures of mouth models. Participants were asked to indicate on a standardized Visual Analogue Scale how they would value the health of their mouth if they had lost the tooth/teeth described and the resulting space was left unrestored. With a utility value of 0.0 representing the worst possible health state for a mouth and 1.0 representing the best, the mouth with the upper central incisor missing attracted the lowest utility value in both samples (UK = 0.16; Iran = 0.06), while the one with a missing upper second molar the highest utility values (0.42, 0.39 respectively). In both countries the utility value increased as the tooth in the scenario moved from the anterior towards the posterior aspect of the mouth. There were significant differences in utility values between UK and Iranian samples for four scenarios all involving the loss of anterior teeth. These differences remained after controlling for gender, age and the state of the dentition. With respect to the SDA scenarios, a mouth with a SDA with only the second molar teeth missing in all quadrants attracted the highest utility values, while a mouth with an extreme SDA with both missing molar and premolar teeth in all quadrants attracted the lowest utility values. The study provided further evidence of the validity of the scaling approach to utility measurement in mouths with missing teeth. Some cross-cultural variations in values were observed but these should be viewed with due caution because the magnitude of the differences was small.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and general health‐related quality of life (GHRQoL) in partially edentulous patients before and after implant placement. Material and methods After obtaining informed consent, using convenient sampling method, 102 participants (64 female and 38 male participants with an age range of 18–81 years) were included in the study. Participants were required to fill EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) and the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) questionnaire before implant surgery and three months after prosthetic placement. Data were not normally distributed, so non‐parametric tests were used for data analysis. Results Data analysis was carried out on 93 participants. After implant treatment, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and EQ‐5D score significantly increased by 0.05 and 0.06 units, respectively (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively). Also, the total OHIP‐14 score significantly decreased from 15.89 to 6.18 after implant treatment (p < .001). Conclusion Results indicated an increase in general and oral health‐related quality of life after implant treatment. According to this study, there was a positive weak relationship between GHRQoL and OHRQoL before and after implant treatment.

Tooth loss is one of the factors which affects on oral health related quality of life because of impaired aesthetic, speaking, and mastication. Replacement of lost teeth by prosthesis options is ndicated for regaining aeshetic, speech, function, and psychological improvement. Fixed partial dentures, removable complete and partial dentures are usual treatment options to regain the function of patients. But, today implant treatments are preferred by patients due to functional and psychological factors. Replacement of teeth by implants has become popular among both patients and clinicians. This paper has reviewed the oral health related quality of life in patients treated with implant supported prostheses.

study of human fetuses vertebral column ossification. Belarusian state medical University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, Republican Scientific and Practical Centre for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Minsk, Republic of Belarus ABSTRACT. Background. The study of normal embryonic development of the vertebral column is important for understanding the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies of the axial skeleton. Objective. To study the histodifferentiation of cartilage and bone tissue in the vertebral centra and neural arches of particular parts of the vertebral column in human embryos of the first half of fetal development. Methods. Whole-mount skeletal preparations, stained with alcian blue and alizarin red, as well as serial histological sections from the embryological collections of the Belarusian State Medical University and from the Carnegie collection (3D Atlas of Human Embryology project, https://www.ehd.org/virtual-human-embryo/) using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining were studied. A total of 37 human embryos/fetuses from 5 to 20 weeks of age were used. Results. "Primary" centers of ossification were found in the neural arches of the upper cervical and centra of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae of 9-10-week human embryos. They consist of hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounded by a mineralized matrix. Complete ossification of the cartilaginous anlages of the vertebral bodies begins at 12 week of embryogenesis. The appearance of the osteoid and structural elements of the bone marrow in their centers is preceded by the ingrowth of vascular canаls. In the vertebral neural arches, the formation of bone tissue occurs due to endochondral and perichondral ossification. Three growth zones are formed near the ossification centerone is for the region of the pedicle of the neural arch; the other for the lamina/spinous process; the thirdfor the base of the transverse process. Conclusion. According to the histological structure, the ossification of the vertebral body is similar to the "secondary" ossification center of long bone, and the ossification center in the neural arch at the microscopic level resembles the diaphyseal ossification center of the long bone. Differences in the timing of appearance and osteogenic pathways of the vertebral centra and neural arches are determined by different sources of their origin.