Mild to moderate renal failure is a frequent complication during treatment with TDF although severe renal impairment is scarce. Risk factors include age, duration of treatment with TDF, elevated baseline creatinine levels, and treatment with protease inhibitor boosted with ritonavir combinations.

Monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide have been introduced into the therapeutic arsenal of migraine prophylaxis. Clinical trials report similar efficacy between them, and there is no evidence of switching to another one after failure. We aim to describe our experience in switching from erenumab to galcanezumab after therapeutic failure. We retrospectively reviewed 30 migraine patients who received monoclonal antibodies, with 15 of them switched after failure to achieve reduction in migraine days per month ≥30%. A ≥30% reduction in migraine days per month compared to baseline was observed in 8/15 (4/15 ≥ 50%) patients after switch. Some nonresponsive patients may benefit from switching between monoclonal antibodies with different therapeutic targets.

Fluconazole chemoprophylaxis in this small number of patients has shown an excellent safety and tolerability profile. The lack of fungal infection points out the possibility of using fluconazole to reduce morbidity and mortality in VLBW.

Opioid induced hyperalgesia is a paradoxical reaction characterized by an enhanced perception of pain related to the use of these drugs in the absence of disease progression or withdrawal syndrome. In contrast to cases of tolerance, defined as the loss of analgesic potency during prolonged use of opioids, no improvement is seen with dose escalation. Opioid induced hyperalgesia could be manifested in the context of maintenance dosing and withdrawal, at very high or escalating doses, and at ultra-low doses. To establish a differential diagnosis is important to consider that increasing the dose may produce a temporary improvement in patients with tolerance but not in those who develop hyperalgesia. Pathogenesis of this phenomenon is not well defined, but there are several experimental studies in animal models and in humans that have shown that hyperalgesia is not triggered by a single factor. Proposed mechanisms include: NMDA receptor mediation, modulation by the calcium/calmodulin protein kinase, the increase in the number of nociceptors or excitatory neurotransmitters release. There are different treatment strategies available, such as the reduction in the dose of opioid used, opioid rotation or association of other analgesic. Other options are NMDA receptor antagonists or combination therapy with COX-2 inhibitors. In this paper we review recent advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms, clinical studies and available treatment strategies.

ObjectivesDaptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide with selective action against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. The stability of daptomycin solutions in different containers while stored at different temperatures was assessed.MethodsDaptomycin vials were reconstituted with NaCl (50 mg/mL). Daptomycin infusion solutions (5.6 and 14.0 mg/mL) were prepared in polypropylene infusion bags. All test solutions were stored either under refrigeration or at room temperature over 7 days. Samples were withdrawn on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 and assayed in triplicate using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.ResultsThe HPLC analysis revealed no significant loss in daptomycin concentration in vials or bags when stored at 2–8°C. All samples remained clear and colourless and there were no significant changes in pH throughout the study period.ConclusionsReconstituted daptomycin vials (50 mg/mL) and infusion bags (5.6 and 14 mg/mL) were found to be physicochemically stable over a period of 1 week when stored at 2–8°C.