Bell, Douglas G., and Tom M. McLellan. Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol 93: 1227-1234, 2002. First published May 17, 2002 10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2002The purpose of the present study was to examine the duration of caffeine's ergogenic effect and whether it differs between users and nonusers of the drug. Twenty-one subjects (13 caffeine users and 8 nonusers) completed six randomized exercise rides to exhaustion at 80% of maximal oxygen consumption after ingesting either a placebo or 5 mg/kg of caffeine. Exercise to exhaustion was completed once per week at either 1, 3, or 6 h after placebo or drug ingestion. Exercise time to exhaustion differed between users and nonusers with the ergogenic effect being greater and lasting longer in nonusers. For the nonusers, exercise times 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion were 32.7 Ϯ 8.4, 32.1 Ϯ 8.6, and 31.7 Ϯ 12.0 min, respectively, and these values were each significantly greater than the corresponding placebo values of 24.2 Ϯ 6.4, 25.8 Ϯ 9.0, and 23.2 Ϯ 7.1 min. For caffeine users, exercise times 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion were 27.4 Ϯ 7.2, 28.1 Ϯ 7.8, and 24.5 Ϯ 7.6 min, respectively. Only exercise times 1 and 3 h after drug ingestion were significantly greater than the respective placebo trials of 23.3 Ϯ 6.5, 23.2 Ϯ 7.1, and 23.5 Ϯ 5.7 min. In conclusion, both the duration and magnitude of the ergogenic effect that followed a 5 mg/kg dose of caffeine were greater in the nonusers compared with the users. time to exhaustion; ergogenic aid; drug sensitivity THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS STUDIES and reviews indicating that caffeine ingested before exercise causes rapid and significant improvements in performance, especially in aerobic exercise capacity (6,8,16,20,28,30). The dose of caffeine studied has ranged from 1 to 15 mg/kg of body mass. The optimal dose has not been determined because it may vary according to the sensitivity of the individual to caffeine. However, doses between 3 and 6 mg/kg produce an equivalent ergogenic effect to higher doses (5, 29), and this has led Graham et al. (17) to suggest that the optimal dose thus lies in this lower range.Even though caffeine has a half-life of 4-6 h that implies high levels of caffeine will be in the blood for up to 3-4 h after ingestion, most studies have focused on exercise performance ϳ1 h after ingestion. The assumption is that the ergogenic effect is related to the circulating level of the drug in the blood. Thus maximal effects are assumed to occur ϳ1 h after ingestion, when peak blood concentrations are observed (2, 14). Some studies (27,35) have suggested that waiting 3 h may be more optimal because the caffeine-induced effect on lipolysis is greater than at earlier times after ingestion. However, the hypothesis that the ergogenic effect from caffeine is due to an enhanced free fatty acid mobilization and tissue utilization has not found much support in the recent literature (16,17,29).For sustained operations, as is quite commo...