Agroforestry activities in Forest Areas with Special Purpose (FASP) have been implemented since 2000 in Parungpanjang, West Java, which was subsequently reinforced by the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry concerning the Recognition and Protection of Forest Partnerships (Kulin KK) for the Harapan Sejahtera and Guna Bakti Forest Farmer Groups in 2019. This study investigates the contribution of agroforestry systems to farmer income using a household survey in the Parungpanjang Research Forest. The study aims to analyze: 1) the contribution of agroforestry to farmer income from a household structured income analysis; 2) factors of agroforestry that influence total farmer household income using multiple regression analysis. The results show that agroforestry systems contributed 15.8% to farmer household income. The highest agroforestry productivity occurs in the age group of 41-45 years with an average of ​​managed land area of 0.65 hectares and average annual income of IDR 16,780,000 (USD 1,198.6)/farmer/year. The statistical model showed that agroforestry income does not have a significant influence on total farmer household income due to differences in the types of commercial crops, motivation, and skill, as well as age related to physical abilities.  There are only two agroforestry factors, namely age and land area, that have a significant influence on total farmer income, whereby the direction of the age variable has a negative influence.

Forest area is the largest and most important part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia but still faces many challenges, including deforestation, forest fires, peat swamp degradation and poverty of local communities due to horizontal and vertical forestry conflicts. This paper focuses on the analysis of forestry development based on spatial planning and agrarian perspective by conveying various facts. A single and centralistic authority over forest areas does not provide an effective basis for sustainable resource governance. There is a dualism of spatial and agrarian planning system namely between forest areas and non-forest areas. It should be integrated by mainstreaming inclusive collaborative management. We recommend promoting forest areas' arrangement under the control of an integrated spatial planning system for the people's greatest possible prosperity, including forestry management principles and objectives. Rationalisation of forest allocation (spatial pattern plan), which the optimum forest allocation must be viewed from the perspective of the overall spatial balance (both forest and non-forest areas, and between protected and cultivated areas) to provide land for food production, social welfare and environmental functions. Forestry implementation needs to consider the principles of economies of scale and prioritise benefits for local communities living bordering forests areas, especially for food cultivation areas. The government should commit to allocating at least 15 million ha inclusively by prioritising landless farmers and smallholder farmers. Increasing community participation in forest area utilisation and functions is pursued through increasing forest access for the community (social forestry and other schemes) without neglecting conservation functions.

Indonesia went through 3.5% growth in 2019, over the last five years in the travel and tourism sector, while the global economy increased by 2.5%. Currently, this condition encourages the creation of new jobs. Surprisingly, nowadays, there is increasing awareness of people contributing to the triple bottom line of sustainable development through initiating green tourism. Community-based Coffee Tourism (CbCT) has been running in the Puncak area for about five past years as green tourism has drawn people to come. Over time there are some significant changes in an area relating to several aspects of the three bottom line of sustainability. Through this study, we are going to 1) identify the impact of green tourism on the environment/landscape through the ecological approaches using the Social Ecological System (SES) framework and 2) to identify the contribution green tourism to the local economy using the Basic Income analysis and Benefit and Cost analysis methods. Based on the SES framework, the results show that there are some aspects from the SES framework that will be effective in the context of the case study, if there is a combination between the conservation activities and economics, which gives a direct impact on the local income. This study indicated that green tourism through CbCT has contributed to the increasing individual community income from 13.19% or IDR 2,375,000/year/person to 76% or IDR 13,680,000/year/person. Based on B/C ratio analysis, it shows that green tourism is financially reliable to be developed at 5% and 10% of growth level, even at zero growth of the business. Hence, CbCT should be continuously developed as green tourism practices that contribute significantly to the community’s income and ecological improvement to support a sustainable landscape management strategy.

Forest area in the upstream of Ciliwung watershed is one of the last remaining forests in the hinterland of Jakarta metropolitan. Forest degradation and the rapid pressure of land use change are serious issues in the Greater Jakarta area that need to be addressed. In 2009, Joint Community Forest Management (PHBM) was initiated by Perum Perhutani in the upstream area of Ciliwung watershed at Kampung Cibulao, Tugu Utara Village, Bogor Regency. This PHBM program involved a forest farmer group in managing village forests, particularly through the management of shade-grown coffee and mountain bike trails. This study investigates the impact of the PHBM program on the local economy improvement using the latest datasets of financial management of forest farmer group in 2017. The aims of this study are to analyse: 1) farmers income from PHBM activities; 2) feasibility of shaded-grown coffee and mountain bike trails activities by using benefit and cost analysis (NPV, IRR, Nett B/C Ratio). The results show that there has been a significant increase of income namey 16.55% or IDR 248,333/hectare/month of cherry and 47.77% or IDR 716,563/hectare/month of green beans. Meanwhile, the management of mountain bike trails has increased the farmers’ income by 32% or IDR 480,000/person/month. The finding of feasibility study shows that Mountain Bike Trails Management is financially not feasible for communal business if it uses the current proportion of business sharing. Therefore, it is necessary to renegotiate the proportion of sharing in order to provide more economic benefits for the local people.

A series of soft skill training in four national parks of Sumatera Island were conducted by PILI Green Network NGO, DG of Natural Resources and Essential Ecosystem Conservation of the MoEF, and Sumateran Tiger Project-UNDP for 12 months in 2019. The training aims at improving soft skill capacity of the national park staff on conflict management and collaborative actions with the communities in the buffer zone. This paper aims 1) to evaluate the soft skill training programme achievement by employing Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model; 2) to analyse factors of Training Program participants that influence on the individual soft skill enhancement by using multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that soft skill training was effective to increase the knowledge and skill of the participating staff, especially in participatory approaches, conflict management, and development of a collaborative business model. Three factors, including work experience, the suitability of background education and similar training experience, have significant influences on the individual soft skill enhancement. Training design, which was bottom-up and participatory based on the needs of the resorts as a spearheading of national park management, contributes to the success of the training implementation. The training has created a ‘common room’ for the participating staff and the communities in terms of opening communication and development of collaborative action plans at each national park.