A b s t r a c t A r t i c l e I n f oOur interactions with plants and animals go back to prehistoric days when early man used his wits to survive in a hostile environment. First and foremost, he had to feed himself and his family. He had to distinguish which plants were safe to eat from those that were nonedible and poisonous. The behaviour of animals naturally provided many hints. However, what is edible to an animal is not necessarily safe for humans. Thus early man probably tried the non-edible and the poisonous in his quest for food and also encountered plants that caused strange and wonderful sensations, sometimes accompanied by colourful visions. By trial and error he learned which plants were palatable and edible. These were eaten either raw or cooked. Those that were poisonous or caused undesirable and strange reactions were avoided. As his familiarity with plants increased, he naturally identified those that could sooth or heal wounds and those that could cure illnesses. Eighteen families were found to be represented by twenty six genera of twenty nine plant species with wild fruits. Moraceae and Rutaceae were found to be represented by three genera and four families and three gemera and three species respectively. Anacardiaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae with two genera and two species each. Capparidaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Bombacaceae, Averrhoaceae, Rhamnaceae, Trapaceae, Passifloraceae, Ebenaceae, Verbinaceae and Euphorbiaceae with single genera and species each. Combretaceae and Apocynaceae were represented by single genera and two species each. The genus Terminalia, Carrisa and Ficus were represented by two species each.

Moringa oleifera known as -horseradish tree‖ or -drumstick tree‖, native to India, is one of the best useful tree and with an enormous amount of benefits in the world. Numerous research reports have appeared in different national and international scientific journals by studying its nutritional and medicinal properties of Moringa over the past decades. Different reports show that due to its multipurpose uses Moringa tree has recently got attention in different countries. Moringa oleifera is a tree that is sometimes called a -Miracle Tree‖ and -Super food‖ because of all its parts are used for nutritional and pharmacological properties. Moringa is a very valuable food tree which is highly nutritive, grows very fast, drought resistant and even beyond food it serves many benefits in developing countries such as having an ability to be used for some crafts due to being a tree and also due to cleaning of water it is one of the best useful tree. The Moringa tree can also play an important role in soil and water conservation and mitigating climate change. This study provides a brief overview about multipurpose uses of Moringa oleifera tree and its implication for climate change mitigation.

Crop species which are adapted to hot and dry climates will become increasingly important as the world worms. The Krikhouse Trust* supporting research and education in the biological Sciences is devoted for agricultural crop improvement for the relief of poverty, with a focus on legumes. The trust has supported research on legumes because of their importance in providing high quality protein in the diets of resource-poor farmers. Among these crops are many stress tolerant legume species found in India and Africa, which are relatively minor and neglected crops. A new programme called -Stress Tolerant Orphan Legumes‖ (STOL) for KT aims to support systematic studies of their potential to address the loss of agricultural productivity in areas of the globe that are suffering the greatest climate stresses. There are clear signs that climate change is already having severe effects on the agriculture where several crops are failing as result of the changed climate. In addition to direct effects of heat and drought on crops, the country is suffering soil loss due to increase in desert area per year. Over grazing, intensive cultivation, removal of tree cover, poor water management have all been as a reasons for this loss which cannot be compensated by any means. One more versatile fact remains that large tracts of land are being taken out of production for different types of constructions by the governments for the people as well as by the people for their settlements in urban areas. There are three possible ways to mitigate this looming disaster. First one is the adoption of stress tolerant legume species which may help farmers to fight the ravages of climate stress: production of grain to feed the family and also provide income; fodder and forage to livestock; ground cover as remedy for soil degradation. For this reason there should be a diversity of species where some crops may prove to be multipurpose, providing grain and fodder, forage and other crops may be specialized for other function such as soil remediation. In this study, only twelve orphan legumes are taken, viz., Cajanus cajan, Lablab purpureus,

Introduction:There is a wide variation in normal birth weight, length and head circumference of newborns. The standards formulated by Western workers may not be very reliable to this part of world because of wide variations in normal range of length, weight and head circumference in different ethnic groups. This study aims to determine the anthropometric values -birth weight, length and head circumference in Term and Preterm newborns of different ethnic groups in this region of the country and to see if this can be used as a standard for taking the anthropometric measurements. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 600 newborns born in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara from July 2009-June 2010. A detailed anthropometric measurement (weight, length, and head circumference) of all newborns was taken on 3 rd day of life. Results: Six major Ethnic groups were noted Brahmin, Gurung, Dalit, Chettri, Magar and Newar. There were 54 % males and 46% females among which 18.16% were preterms, 20.66% small for gestation age, 81.50% term and 0.33% posterm. The mean weight, length and head circumference of term babies were 2.817±0.61 gms, 47.68±2.48 cm, 33.56±2.02 cm and for preterm babies it was 2.215± 0.41 gms, 46.36±2.39 cm, 32.23±2.03 cm respectively. There were 25% low birth weight (n=151, highest number in Brahmins-27%), 74.16% normal weight (n=445) and 0.66% over weight (n=4, all were gurungs) babies. In Term newborns weight, length and head circumference was noted to be highest in Gurungs (3.3004gms, 49.35cm, 34.72cm) and was statistically significant (p<0.000). Weight and length of Brahmins was lowest (2.578 gms, 45.49cm) and head circumference was lowest in Dalits (30.88cm, statistically significant<0.000). In case of preterms highest weight and length was seen in Magars (2.387gms, 47.90cm) but head circumference was highest in Gurungs (34.18cm) whereas weight was lowest in chettri (2.1609gms), length in Brahmin (44.61cm) and OFC in Dalits (29.92cm). These parameters were directly proportion with gestation age and was statistically significant (p<0.000). Conclusion: The present study highlights the mean weight, length and head circumference of term and preterm newborns in different ethnic groups and gestation age. These parameters were directly proportion to gestation age but were variable in different Ethnic groups. Therefore a study in larger population could give us a different standard for anthropometric measurements in Nepalese newborns.

Saffron (Kesar) is the king of super foods. In terms of weight, it is even more expensive than gold and has been in use for thousands of years because of its special medicinal benifits. Saffron is very warm in its post digestive effect and hence, it should only be consumed in winters.It is frequently given to asthma patients in warm milk and is very good for treating recurring sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, weak lungs and low vitality. It is also considered to be an aphrodisiac which is linked to male fertility improvement and is a treasured ingredient in medicines used to treat skin disorders as well as blemish-reducing skin creams. The other benefits of saffron include the treatment of menstrual disorders. Diabetics should drink saffron boiled in milk with a teaspoon of ghee or butter. In case of patients with weak liver, it helps to get rid of toxins.