Magnetic measurements in a number of hydrocarbon structures suggest the existence of local magnetic anomalies with certain nT amplitude reflecting the structure contours of the oil and gas deposits, which could therefore be used as a criterion for identifying hydrocarbon traps. Hydrocarbon migration and the microseepage effect changing the composition of magnetic minerals and reaching as high as the near-surface areas and soils cause local magnetic anomalies and changes in the magnetic properties of soils. Magnetic studies on the Orchovychi oil and gas field, Carpathian Foredeep, Western Ukraine, revealed specific features of the local magnetic field and the magnetic properties of soil. A local magnetic anomaly with amplitude of 6-8 nT and a width of about 4 km was detected in the structure of the magnetic field within the Outer zone of the Carpathian Foredeep. The anomaly relates to hydrocarbon deposit areas with complex morphology. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) of soils in the Orhovychi oil and gas field showed a close correlation with landscape changes. Soils were found to show magnetic susceptibility anomalies in close proximity to productive hydrocarbon areas.

No abstract

No abstract

The objective of this paper was to study pollution in the semi-urban area of Truskavets (Ukraine) using lowcost and energy-efficient magnetic measurements. Soil magnetic properties were measured near a railway station (transect) and near a road (transect and grid). To compare the magnetic properties of the soils from the urban areas, we sampled in a forest area located 2-3 km from Truskavets. Additionally, ten dust samples were taken 150 cm above the ground from the smooth surface of the tree bark. Near the Stebnyk Ring (the end of the second transect), we established a grid (20 × 20 m) and measured the soil magnetic susceptibility MS (mass-specific χ, and volume κ). There were taken 55 soil samples within the upper 0-5 cm of the topsoil. The results showed that low-frequency MS of the natural soil was within the range of 8-10 × 10-8 m 3 /kg, a low value for the Ukraine soils. The urban soils collected near the roadway and the railway had high MS values. Soil pollution was confirmed by the frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility: χ fd = 2-3%. Our results, based on the thermomagnetic, hysteresis, isothermal (IRM), and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) measurements, suggested that magnetite is responsible for the increase in the magnetic signal of the urban soils. Natural soils normally contain a single domain (SD) grains. It has also been found that the high coercivity haematite and goethite are stable pedogenic minerals in the Truskavets natural soil. Overall, the magnetic measurements have proven to be a rapid, low cost, non-destructive and efficient technique for soil monitoring and air quality assessment.

The study aimed to identify the semantic and structural characteristics of ethnophobic terms with a colour component, as well as the conceptual basis and extralinguistic factors that have a role in their formation. Ethnophobic terms tend to emerge in the non-standard language, with slang making its core. Although often marked as derogatory or impolite, ethnicity-laden slang expressions form a dynamic and productive part of non-standard vocabulary, largely due to their pragmatic power. Ethnophobic terms used with reference to the largest ethnic minorities in the USA (Black, Latin and Native Americans) became the focus of our research. Given their prototypical nature and a wide spectrum of connotations, basic colour terms have shown the highest potential for integration with the ethnicity concept: an overwhelming number of ethnophobic terms contain explicit or implicit colour components in their semantic structure encoding the following colour categories: black, brown, red, yellow, and white. We have also suggested that in American ethnophobic slang, the universal opposition of black and white may have transformed into a conceptual opposition of "white" vs. "non-white" that has a variety of verbal representations. In addition, semantic configuration and evaluative power of colour categories are determined by the speaker's point of reference affected by the stereotypes dominating their ethnic groups. Data analysis has shown that the morphological means of word formation typical of ethnophobic terms, including suffixation, compounding, blending, and abbreviation, are mainly combined with metonymy, metaphor, or both.