-Fifty years after the hyporheic zone was first defined (Orghidan, 1959), there are still gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of biodiversity in hyporheic processes. First, some methodological questions remained unanswered regarding the interactions between biodiversity and physical processes, both for the study of habitat characteristics and interactions at different scales. Furthermore, many questions remain to be addressed to help inform our understanding of invertebrate community dynamics, especially regarding the trophic niches of organisms, the functional groups present within sediment, and their temporal changes. Understanding microbial community dynamics would require investigations about their relationship with the physical characteristics of the sediment, their diversity, their relationship with metabolic pathways, their interactions with invertebrates, and their response to environmental stress. Another fundamental research question is that of the importance of the hyporheic zone in the global metabolism of the river, which must be explored in relation to organic matter recycling, the effects of disturbances, and the degradation of contaminants. Finally, the application of this knowledge requires the development of methods for the estimation of hydrological exchanges, especially for the management of sediment clogging, the optimization of self-purification, and the integration of climate change in environmental policies. The development of descriptors of hyporheic *Corresponding author: pierre.marmonier@univ-lyon1.frArticle published by EDP Sciences Ann. Limnol. -Int. J. Lim. 48 (2012) [253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266] Available online at: Ó EDP Sciences, 2012 www.limnology-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/limn/2012009 zone health and of new metrology is also crucial to include specific targets in water policies for the long-term management of the system and a clear evaluation of restoration strategies.
The responses of algae to herbicides depend on the sensitivity of each species, but competition within algal communities may be an important regulator of the effects of herbicides on aquatic systems. The impact of herbicides on algae also depends on abiotic factors like nutrients, light, and temperature. We examined the tolerance of the alga Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann to the photosystem II inhibitor herbicide atrazine under different culture conditions to assess those interactions between herbicides and biotic and abiotic factors. The density of the cyanobacterium O. limnetica was determined in natural phytoplanktonic assemblages and in unialgal cultures in medium containing 10 microg/L atrazine. Experiments (total of 13) were conducted in spring and early and late summer, during which the effect of atrazine varied in nature and intensity. The growth of the cyanobacterium was always inhibited in cold experiments, whereas it was stimulated in warm experiments within the natural phytoplankton assemblage, but unaffected in pure culture. Laboratory experiments with unialgal culture showed that the sensitivity to atrazine increased as the temperature decreased. Phytoplankton community structure, interactions between species, and environmental parameters (e.g., temperature) are important factors controlling the responses of cyanobacteria to the herbicide. These interactions between sensitivity to herbicides and environmental factors may reduce or emphasize the effects of pollution in aquatic systems. Thus, the ecotoxicological relevance of herbicides in aquatic systems is quite complex and cannot be assessed by single-species short-term laboratory toxicological tests.http://link. springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p472.++ +html
In this paper, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) for the evaluation of river water quality downstream of wastewater treatment plants. POCIS proved well adapted to sampling alkylphenols and several pharmaceuticals. Concentration factors and the decrease in limits of quantification, compared to grab water sample analyses, were significant except for hormones, β-blockers and bronchodilators. Promising preliminary results obtained in situ on deuterated atenolol used as a performance reference compound need to be confirmed in-lab. This work confirms that POCIS is a valuable tool for monitoring hydrophilic organic molecules in river and wastewaters.
La méthode PICT (Pollution-Induced Community Tolérance) a été initialement proposée par Blank et al. (1988) afin de caractériser un écosystème aquatique soumis à un polluant suspecté. Le concept du PICT est fondé sur le fait qu'une communauté algale présente différents «composants» ayant une sensibilité variable vis-à-vis du xénobiotique étudié. Ainsi, les organismes les plus sensibles, exposés à une concentration et pendant une durée suffisantes au toxique, ne sont plus concurrentiels et sont remplacés par des organismes plus tolérants. La communauté présente alors une tolérance supérieure vis-à-vis du polluant ou du type de polluant étudié, en comparaison à une communauté similaire n'ayant pas connu de pression de sélection par le toxique. En conciliant deux approches méthodologiques complémentaires (un test global rapide de réponse physiologique et une étude précise des peuplements de la communauté), il est possible de comparer des communautés selon leur tolérance plus ou moins induite par le polluant étudié.Cette méthode a été appliquée à la comparaison de deux systèmes limniques très différents : le lac Léman (Haute-Savoie), mésotrophe, peu pollué par les herbicides inhibiteurs du Photosystème II (P.S. H) et la retenue de Villaumur (Ille-et-Vilaine), très eutrophe et polluée par ce type d'herbicides. Les deux plans d'eau semblent effectivement présenter des communautés phytoplanctoniques différentes, du point de vue structure des peuplements et tolérance à l'Atrazine.Afin de confirmer cette sélection de la communauté phytoplanctonique par les herbicides inhibiteurs du PS. II présents dans la retenue de Villaumur, nous avons étudié expérimentalement l'effet des polluants sur la structure d'une communauté phytoplanctonique provenant du plan d'eau le moins pollué (Léman) : une série de microcosmes était contaminée par de l'eau filtrée du plan d'eau le plus pollué (Villaumur) alors qu'une autre série était contaminée par de l'Atrazine (10 ug/1). Certaines espèces d'algues tolérantes ont été sélectionnées dans les deux types de microcosmes contaminés, après trois semaines de traitement. Enfin, une comparaison expérimentale de l'effet de l'Atrazine sur deux souches d'une même espèce isolées de chaque plan d'eau (calcul et comparaison de CE50), suggère une probable sélection au niveau génotypique par les herbicides inhibiteurs de la photosynthèse.La méthode PICT présente un intérêt indéniable comme indice de pollution spécifique d'un plan d'eau. Notre approche expé-rimentale a bien mis en évidence l'effet sélection des communautés par les polluants, mais les premiers résultats de mesures in situ montrent que pour valider cette méthode, il est nécessaire de poursuivre l'amélioration du protocole et de l'appliquer sur des systèmes variés, contrôlés et/ou connus. Pollution-Induced Community Tolérance (PICT) was first proposed by Blanck et al. (1988) as an ecotoxicological tool for use in advanced hazard assessment of toxicants. This method can be used to retrospectively detect the impact of toxicants in polluted eco...
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