Dengue fever might progress to complications involving bleeding manifestations, CNS manifestations, Respiratory complications and hepatobiliary complications. This study deals with serum sodium levels as a prognostic marker in dengue positive patients who have progressed to the above mentioned complications. ABSTRACTBackground: Dengue fever is an arboviral infection which is mosquito transmitted, most common in tropical and subtropical countries. Worldwide around 2.5 billion population are at the risk of developing dengue infection. Methods: The study was carried out in a 5 bedded (high dependency unit) PICU of Navodaya Medical College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. The study was performed over a period of 12 months from August 2015 -August 2016. The study group included individuals from the age group of 1 month to 18 years, who were diagnosed with dengue fever. Results: Out of the total 99 cases, 36 cases had no variation in serum sodium levels, 33 cases were mild hyponatremic, 12 cases were moderate hyponatremic and 18 cases were severely hyponatremic. Out of the 36 cases with normal serum sodium levels, only 1 case progressed to bleeding complications. Out of the 33 cases with mild serum sodium levels, 2 cases progressed to complications out of which 1 case having bleeding manifestations and 1 case having both bleeding and central nervous system (CNS) complications. Conclusions: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in dengue fever as well as dengue associated complications. The lower the serum sodium levels the higher is the incidence of complications associated with dengue fever. The incidence of CNS and bleeding complications is more as compared to the RS and hepatobiliary complications. The incidence of RS and hepatobiliary complications is high with moderate and severe hyponatremia. Thus serum sodium plays a most important role in the prognosis of dengue fever and associated complications..

Background: Normal growth and development requires vitamin D, and its deficiency compromises long term health and increases the risk of chronic disease. Severe vitamin D deficiency include rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, increased risk of fracture, tooth loss. Studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency (less severe than deficiency) is associated with a wide range of illnesses and chronic conditions, including type 1 diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis and many types of cancer. Currently world is facing an unrecognized and untreated pandemic of vitamin D deficiency. This study aims at showing the relation between Vitamin D status and obesity in adolescent children and to know the dietary factors, life style factors like physical activity contributing to overweight and obesity in adolescents.Methods: Study design: This is an observational study of 30 overweight and obese adolescents based on BMI were studied and their Vitamin D levels were assessed.Results: A total of 14(46.7%) overweight and 16(53.3%) obese adolescents Vitamin D levels were assessed. 20(66.7%) had vitamin D levels <20ng/ml that is in the deficiency range.4(13.3%) had in the insufficiency range (21-30ng/ml), 6(20%) had in the sufficient range. Results shows vitamin D levels were significantly less in obese and overweight adolescents.Conclusions: Study results confirm that Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common to obese and overweight adolescents, this may help to explain the relationship between obesity and several chronic diseases that are associated with poor Vitamin D status.

Objective Extremely preterm (EP) impairment rates are likely underestimated using the Bayley III norm-based thresholds scores and may be better assessed relative to concurrent healthy term reference (TR) infants born in the same hospital. Study design Blinded, certified examiners in the Neonatal Research Network (NRN) evaluated EP survivors and a sample of healthy TR infants recruited near the 2-year assessment age. Results We assessed 1452 EP infants and 183 TR infants. TR-based thresholds showed higher overall EP impairment than Bayley norm-based thresholds (O.R. = 1.86; [95% CI 1.56–2.23], especially for severe impairment (36% vs. 24%; p ≤ 0.001). Difficulty recruiting TR patients at 2 years extended the study by 14 months and affected their demographics. Conclusion Impairment rates among EP infants appear to be substantially underestimated from Bayley III norms. These rates may be best assessed by comparison with healthy term infants followed with minimal attrition from birth in the same centers. ClinicalTrials.gov ID Term Reference (under the Generic Database Study): NCT00063063

Background: NRBCs are physiologically found only in the peripheral blood of the fetus and neonates. Under all other conditions, NRBC is an indicator of pathology, either increase in erythroid activity or damage to the bone marrow has been suggested that the presence of elevated NRBC in the umbilical cord blood is a sign of fetal hypoxia.1-12. Elevated NRBC is a sign of fetal hypoxia in newborns of mothers with preeclampsia even with well controlled hypertension.Methods: The study period is 1 year from November 2015 to October 2016 on Term SGA babies delivered in Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre. Inclusion criteria all term SGA and healthy term AGA Newborns. Exclusion criteria were mothers with the following condition: maternal diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis and babies with the following conditions meconium stained amniotic fluid, congenital anomalies, twin-to-twin transfusion, severe anemia, cyanotic heart disease.Results: The mean gestational age among control and study group was 18.96 and 19.08 respectively. Low APGAR score (≤5) was seen in 3 cases in the study group. No newborn in control group had low APGAR. Out of 50 babies included in this study,24 babies were delivered by LSCS and 26 babies by normal vaginal delivery. the NRBC count was found to be significantly higher in the SGA babies group as compared to the AGA group and this was statistically significant [p,0.005].Conclusions: My study showed that NRBC count was higher in SGA babies than term AGA babies but there was no correlation of NRBC count with the outcome in SGA babies.

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