The aim of the work was to answer the question whether pollution by vehicles and the geographical location of populations affect the asymmetry and shape of the leaf plate Plantago major. The Generalized Procrustes Analysis was provided and the difference in the variance of paired landmarks was indicated. Based on vector coordinates, the symmetry and asymmetry covariance matrices of two types were created, and canonical covariance analysis was performed. The difference was found using the distances between the centers of the coordinate sets, the so-called Mahalanobis distances. The overall pool of leaves showed the presence of fluctuating asymmetry at the level of leaf blades in roadside populations. In the control, a mixture of two types of asymmetry: fluctuating and directional was traced. Canonical variation analysis showed the difference between the center of sets (p <0.0001). A correlation was obtained between the symmetric and asymmetric components of the shape. An allometric ratio of size/asymmetry and size/shape of the sheet plate were not obtained. The decrease in the number of landmarks from 52 to 26 did not affect the results. Thus motor transport, as shown by most of the samples (4 out of 6), had a significant impact on both the shape and asymmetry of the leaf blades. The geographical difference also affected both type of variability, as the difference in the asymmetry and shape of the plantain leaf blades increased over the geographical extent from Vladimir to Moscow on a distance about 200km.
Fluctuating asymmetry as an indirect deviation in the difference between the right and the left bilaterally symmetrical traits is considered an indicative symptom of stress. The results of urban populations studying Betula pendula, Tilia cordata, Quercus robur and Acer platanoides using the conventional normalizing method and the geometric morphometrics are presented. The relationship between the environmental stress of an urbanized area and asymmetry values was analyzed. 8-10% of the samples | R – L | / (R + L) had a normal distribution (K-S test, p <0.01). Only one trait in birch and one in linden significantly (p <10−4) reflected the stress effect in a direct relationship. Q. robur and A. platanoides had a wider range of FA, and the traits reflecting stress were different. No correlation was found between the FA and GMFA integral indices. High heterogeneity of values (R – L) was accompanied by the significance of directional asymmetry. The GM method extinguished the kurtosis in trait and showed a significant value of GMFA at kurtosis values γ < 2.5. The high heterogeneity (γ >2.5) accompanied by insignificant fluctuating asymmetry in Procrustes ANOVA. The authors emphasize that the toxic effect of pollutants can be associated with the relief and protection from winds in urbanized areas. The heterogeneity of the genotype of plantings from different nurseries increases the factor diversity, which makes the results of the analysis of developmental stability much more critical.
Using the method of geometric morphometrics the contour of the image of the leaf blade of the Common plantain (Plantago major) was aligned along the axis of symmetry to answer the question of whether the asymmetry and shape were influenced by environmental pollution by vehicles and climatic conditions. Procrustes distances showed that fluctuating asymmetry was higher in roadside populations in 2019. In the control populations, a mixture of two types of asymmetry, fluctuating and directional, was obtained. In 2020 with high precipitation (47% more than in 2019), asymmetry was represented by higher directional asymmetry (p <0.0001), although the overall asymmetry remained the same. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed the influence on the shape only climatic environments of the year (p <0.001). The geographical location of the populations and the combined effect of the factors year and the place of leaves gathering did not affect the shape of the leaf blade. In 2020, no data were obtained on the excess of asymmetry in roadside populations compared to the control, therefore authors conclude about the weak bioindicative properties of the Common plantain in response to traffic pollution.
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