Abstract. Several studies have been devoted to dynamic and statistical downscaling for analysis of both climate variability and climate change. This paper introduces an application of artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) by principal components to estimate rainfall in South America. This method is proposed for downscaling monthly precipitation time series over South America for three regions: the Amazon, Northeastern Brazil and the La Plata Basin, which is one of the regions of the planet that will be most affected by the climate change projected for the end of the 21st century. The downscaling models were developed and validated using CMIP5 model out- put and observed monthly precipitation. We used GCMs experiments for the 20th century (RCP Historical; 1970–1999) and two scenarios (RCP 2.6 and 8.5; 2070–2100). The model test results indicate that the ANN significantly outperforms the MLR downscaling of monthly precipitation variability.

Abstract. Several studies have been devoted to dynamic and statistical downscaling for analysis of both climate variability and climate change. This paper introduces an application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple linear regression (MLR) by principal components to estimate rainfall in South America. This method is proposed for downscaling monthly precipitation time series over South America for three regions: the Amazon; northeastern Brazil; and the La Plata Basin, which is one of the regions of the planet that will be most affected by the climate change projected for the end of the 21st century. The downscaling models were developed and validated using CMIP5 model output and observed monthly precipitation. We used general circulation model (GCM) experiments for the 20th century (RCP historical; 1970-1999 and two scenarios (RCP 2.6 and 8.5; 2070-2100. The model test results indicate that the ANNs significantly outperform the MLR downscaling of monthly precipitation variability.

Artificial intelligence advances have an important role on self-driving cars development, such as assisting the recognition of traffic lights. However, when relying on images of the scene alone, little progress was observed on selecting the traffic lights defining guidance to the car. Common detection approaches rely on additional high-level decision-making process to select a relevant traffic light. This work address the problem by proposing a deep regression system with an outliers resilient loss to predict the coordinates of a relevant traffic light in the image plane. The prediction can be used as a high-level decision-maker or as an assistant to a cheaper classifier to work on a region of interest. Results for European scenes show success in about 88% of the cases.