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were on sulfonylureas and 26.4% of controls were on sulfonylureas. ConClusions: The risk factors influencing Cardiovascular Disease in Indian(non-smoking and nonalcoholic ) women with T2DM are advancing age , BMI more than normal ,women on mixed diet, with duration of diabetes and hypertension more than 5 years. Women on Sulfonylureas have more risk of developing cardiovascular disease. There are limited studies reported on primary CV event in Indian diabetic women's associated risk factors comparable to those very well established in men. Apart from establishing western population's risk factors there are a sizable portion who are vegetarians, with no ECG abnormalities and who need a better post-menopausal glycemic control strategy.

Objective: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), formally called as stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Recent studies in different parts of India also documented that the prevalence of stroke varies from 40 to 270 per 100,000 populations. Identifying the risk factors of the disease helps to improve the effectiveness of the therapy. Our present study aims in accessing the risk aspects and utilization of drugs in CVA patients.Methods: A prospective Interventional study was carried out on stroke patients in Medicine Department, Viswabarathi Hospital, Kurnool, AP from January to September 2015. Required demographic and laboratory data, along with general neurological evaluation and brain CT was analyzed. Results:A total of 100 patients was analyzed. Among them, the incidence of ischemic stroke (96%) was greater compared to hemorrhagic stroke (4%). Prevalence of disease was higher in males (69%) than females (31%) with notable occurrence in the age group of 61-70 (26%). Higher percentage of patients were found to have>3 risk factors (34%), including hypertension (68%), age (58%), diabetes (39%), smoking (22%), alcoholism (21%), CAD (10%) and percentage with no risk element accounts7%. The prescribing pattern includes antihypertensives (16.25%), Gastrointestinal agents (12.2%), anti-platelets (9.16%), hyperlipidemic (8.4%), Nootropics (7.97%) followed by other classes and nitrates (0.62%) occupies the last place in prescribing. Conclusion:The present study emphasizes on the need to identify risk factors and providing awareness among the patients by a pharmacist in minimizing the disease burden. It also points the rationality in prescribing of drugs based on therapeutic guidelines. Disease affecting the supply of blood to the brain is referred as stroke or Cerebrovascular diseases or apoplexy. WHO has defined a stroke as "rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, lasting for more than twenty-four hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than the vascular origin. Epidemiological studies state that stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide along with coronary artery disease. A survey in different parts of India also shows that it differs from region to region, ranging from 40 to 270 per 100,000 populations [1].Based on clinical syndrome, stroke can be divided mainly as Ischemic, causing an acute occlusion of blood flow to the brain due to a thrombus of cerebral origin or from another part of circulation and hemorrhage, caused by a subarachnoid hemorrhage in brain tissues or intra-cerebral hemorrhage, i.e., between meningeal spaces. Among both 50-80% of stroke is contributed by ischemic pathophysiology. The prevalence of the disease is very much closely related to its risk factors, categorized as a) fixed risk factors (Age, Gender, Race, previous vascular event (MI, stroke, PVD), Hereditary (high Fibrinogen)) and b) Modifiable risk factors (Blood pressure, Cigarette, smoking, hyperlipidemia, Heart disease (Atrial fibrillation, Con...

Background and Aim: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a pervasive emergency affecting 1-5% of children, among whom the majority are with preexisting comorbidities. This commentary aim is to highlight two such prominent childhood comorbidities, i.e., asthma and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1-DM), with their pathophysiological link to COVID-19. Method: We searched the Google Scholar and PubMed databases till August 15, 2020, and retrieved the data connected to our aim for reviewing. Results: Asthma and T1-DM in children affect the COVID-19 progression due to their interlinked disease mechanisms with infection. Th-2 (T-helper) low endotype asthma and TI-DM connect by decreased ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) receptor expression, whereas Th-2 high endotype intensifies the COVID-19 via declining the IFNs (interferons) related antiviral effect. Addressing these comorbidities therapeutically in this pandemic includes continuity in respective disease control treatment plans with the use of pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) with a spacer rather than nebulizers or keeping the low incidence of exacerbations by inhaled/oral corticosteroid and/or Montelukast in children with asthma is recommended. In the case of T1-DM, blood glucose of 70-144mg/dL and <0.6 mmol/L of blood ketone levels to be maintained without stopping Insulin dosing should be followed. Conclusion: Elevating the immunity with regular telemedicine and proper adherence to a prescribed action plan can address the present state of infection in children with asthma or T1-DM, or both.

Objective: The study was focused on assessing the incidence of stroke and their association with types of the risk factor, with an emphasis on acute post complications and their symptomatic management for early detection. Methods:A prospective observational study was carried out on stroke patients visiting a medicine department of a tertiary hospital, Andhra Pradesh, India from August 2017 to November 2017. Patient's demographics and lab data was collected for analysis.Results: A total of 110 patients participated in the study. Among them high incidence is males (69%), 61-80yrs (48%), with 2 risk factors (35%) among which age (67%) and hypertension (66%) were related to the high degree of prevalence. 47% of the study population were identified with one complication, among which seizures account for 38% of patients. All the complications associated with the condition were treated with drug classes, in which anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were the mainstay in the management of epilepsy. Conclusion:Brain edema and seizure attack were the most accountable complications identified in the study population. The early detection of these problems can improve the stroke outcomes and can reduce the mortality or disability rate.