Thirty children were treated for near-drowning in the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki during 1971--1976. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the prognosis: group I included 13 children (43%) with a favourable prognosis, group II four children (13%) with a less favourable prognosis who developed severe sequelae, and group III 13 children with poor prognosis and in whom the subsequent outcome proved fatal. The surviving children underwent neurological, neurophysiological and psychological examination 6--58 months after the accident. The children in group I had slight neurological or psychological signs, some children presented a lowered intellectual functioning level. The children in group II were tetraplegic, unable to speak and had convulsions. The following factors were important in affecting prognosis: the longer the immersion time, the worse the prognosis. However, prognosis could still be favourable with an immersion-time of 11-20 min. Prognosis was bad if the first pH value was less than 7.00. The arterial oxygen pressure values measured during the treatment did not correlate with the prognosis but a low rectal temperature on admission was usually associated with a bad prognosis. The degree of EEG-disturbance had a prognostic value. However, the follow-up recording correlated better with the prognosis than the recordings during the first 24 hours, after which worsening of the EEG sometimes showed a progressive brain lesion.
SUMMARY A method for the predetermination of die safe lengdi of nasotracheal tubes in infants and children is presented. The distance from die nostril to die carina was found to correlate better widi the height than widi die body weight, surface area or age of the patient. The investigation was made by measuring die inserted lengdis of die tubes at extubation and die distance between die tube tip and the carina in radiographs in 200 infants and children. In die statistical analysis, die equation for die regression line was: nostril‐carina distance (cm) = 0.16 × height (cm) + 4.5 (cm), die standard error s̄=± 1.2 cm and die correlation coefficient 0.96 (R2). The importance of predetermination of die tube lengtii in prolonged intubation is emphasized. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird eine Mediode zur Vorausbestimmung einer Sicherheitslänge nasotrachealer Tuben für Sauglinge und Kinder vorgestellt. Die Korrelation des Abstandes zwischen Nasenloch und Carina war zur Körpergrösse besser als zum Körpergewicht, zur Körperoberfläche oder zum Alter des Patienten. Für diese Untersuchung wurde bei 200 Säuglingen und Kindern der Abstand zwischen Tubusende und Carina im Röntgenbild sowie die Länge des eingeführten Tubusanteiles anlässlich der Extubation gemessen. Für die Regressionslinien wurde in der statistischen Anlyse die nachstehende Gleichung verwendet: Nasenloch‐Carina‐Abstand (in cm) = 0,16 × Körpergrösse (in cm) + 4,5 (cm). Die Standardabweichung s̄ war ± 1,2 cm, der Korrelations‐Koeffizient 0,96 (R2). Auf die Bedeutung der Vorausbestimmung der richtigen Tubuslange für die Langzeitintubation wird nachdrucklich hingewiesen.
SUMMARY A method for the predetermination of die safe lengdi of nasotracheal tubes in infants and children is presented. The distance from die nostril to die carina was found to correlate better widi the height than widi die body weight, surface area or age of the patient. The investigation was made by measuring die inserted lengdis of die tubes at extubation and die distance between die tube tip and the carina in radiographs in 200 infants and children. In die statistical analysis, die equation for die regression line was: nostril‐carina distance (cm) = 0.16 × height (cm) + 4.5 (cm), die standard error s̄=± 1.2 cm and die correlation coefficient 0.96 (R2). The importance of predetermination of die tube lengtii in prolonged intubation is emphasized. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird eine Mediode zur Vorausbestimmung einer Sicherheitslänge nasotrachealer Tuben für Sauglinge und Kinder vorgestellt. Die Korrelation des Abstandes zwischen Nasenloch und Carina war zur Körpergrösse besser als zum Körpergewicht, zur Körperoberfläche oder zum Alter des Patienten. Für diese Untersuchung wurde bei 200 Säuglingen und Kindern der Abstand zwischen Tubusende und Carina im Röntgenbild sowie die Länge des eingeführten Tubusanteiles anlässlich der Extubation gemessen. Für die Regressionslinien wurde in der statistischen Anlyse die nachstehende Gleichung verwendet: Nasenloch‐Carina‐Abstand (in cm) = 0,16 × Körpergrösse (in cm) + 4,5 (cm). Die Standardabweichung s̄ war ± 1,2 cm, der Korrelations‐Koeffizient 0,96 (R2). Auf die Bedeutung der Vorausbestimmung der richtigen Tubuslange für die Langzeitintubation wird nachdrucklich hingewiesen.
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