Целью данной статьи является анализ магических способов наказания вора и возвращения украденного. В качестве источников использовались опубликованные и неопубликованные архивные материалы, периодическая печать, сборники и словари, содержащие фольклорные тексты, описания ритуально-магических практик, а также лингвистические данные. Магические наказания рассматриваются в контексте теории обмена, где негативная реципрокность понимается как возмездие за причиненный ущерб. Актуальность работы определяется тем, что магические практики как часть обычно-правовой системы различных народов редко становились предметом специального исследования в рамках антропологии права, хотя антропологи обращали внимание на социальные функции магии, в том числе и в обычно-правовой сфере. В работе рассмотрены способы наказания и возвращения украденного с применением контагиозной и симпатической магии. Выявлено, что в ходе ритуала предметы и объекты чаще всего подвергались деструктивному воздействию, которое проецировалось на тело вора как основной объект магических манипуляций. Отмечено, что наиболее популярным было воздействие огня, жара или дыма, что позволяет сопоставить магические способы наказания и ритуалы распознавания ведьмы. Сделан вывод о том, что представления о магических способах наказания выполняли функцию поддержания социальной стабильности. The article analyses the magical ways to punish a thief and return the stolen goods based on published and unpublished archive materials, periodicals, collections and dictionaries containing folklore texts, descriptions of ritual and magical practices and linguistic data. Magical punishments are viewed in the context of exchange theory which understands the negative reciprocity as a retribution for the damage caused. Although anthropologists have paid attention to the social functions of magic and magical practices as a part of customary law system of different peoples, they have rarely become the subject of special research within the anthropology of law. This article discusses the ways to punish and return stolen goods using contagious and sympathetic magic. It was revealed that the rituals mostly consisted in affecting different objects, and this destructive influence was projected onto the thief ’s body as the main object of magical manipulation. Flame, heat and smoke were the most popular means for causing damage, which allows us to compare the magical ways of punishment with the rituals of recognizing witches. The article concludes that maintaining social stability was the main function of magical punishment.
The article presents the analysis of the stoyanie na kostyakh (standing on bones) topos, which is present in battle narratives of the 13th—17th centuries. In battle chronicles this topos is most often expressed by the verbal formula stal na kostyakh (meaning “he has won”), referring either to a prince or to soldiers in general. Instead of the formula stali na kostyakh (they have won), it is sometimes reported how many days the victorious soldiers stoyali na kostyakh, that is, how many days they stayed at the site after the battle. The most interesting use of the topos is revealed in the The Tale of the Battle with Mamai. In this text the fixed expression stal na kostyakh refers to Prince Vladimir Andreevich, whom the author depicts as the main hero of the battle, despite tradition. At the same time, the author provides a detailed account of the stoyanie na kostyakh ritual performed by the victorious soldiers led by Dmitry Ivanovich and reports that “the great prince has been standing on the bones for eight days behind the Don.” Both ancient Russian authors and modern researchers understand the meaning of this ritual reflected in the works of poets and artists in different ways.
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