In the epicardium of many mammals, animals, including humans, were found to have typical arteriovenular anastomoses. However, they do not correspond to the description of those direct anastomoses between arteries and veins located under the epicardium, which were previously identified. The authors who described them, using injection methods, showed the passage of carcass suspension from sub-epicardial arteries to sub-epicardial veins. But they could not accurately identify the type of vessels carrying out these connections. It is possible that these are arteriovenular anastomoses, since their diameter not exceeds the diameter of the blood capillaries. At the same time, it was shown that the vascular structures of the epicardium carry out the separation of the blood in the coronary artery system. As a result, blood with high hematocrit and freed from most various analytes and neutrophilic granulocytes enters the microvascular bed of the myocardium. The ultrafiltrate of the blood plasma in the sub-epicardial loose connective tissue undergoes biodegradation and is utilized in the lymphatic micro vessels. The aim of the work is the morphological and functional substantiation of the concept about of the epicardium as a biological filter of the heart. The vascular bed of the epicardium of hearts of mature dogs was studied (n=5), revealed by various routine histological and original intra- and extravascular methods. It is proved that the microvascular bloodstream of the sub-epicardial connective tissue has pronounced organ specificity. It is determined by the presence of arteriovenular anastomoses and permanent plasma capillaries, as well as the high permeability of all vascular components. The microvascular bed of the epicardium causes an ascending dilatation of the coronary arteries and contributes to ultrafiltration of a significant amount of blood plasma into the sub-epicardial interstitial space. Thus, the process of the separation of the blood is carried out, as a result of which blood with high hematocrit and free of neutrophilic granulocytes enters the myocardium. In the epicardial connective tissue, analytes accumulate that cannot be resorbed by venous micro vessels. This «biological debris» undergoes destruction in the sub-epicardial connective tissue, which proves the role of the epicardium as a biological filter of the heart.

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Neurological nature of major cardiac diseases is attributed to elevated social tension. The established phenomena of early age involution of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system due to Cannon's law make it possible to study the mechanism of sudden cardiac death and to search for diagnostic methods for its prevention. One of such methods is time-frequency spectral analysis of the heart rate variability at the early phases of orthostatic tests. The radionuclide diagnostic method has revealed new data on correlation between blood capillaries and sympathetic nervous plexus under myocardial infarction.

Most of the current information on the lymphatic flow bed of the heart was obtained by the method of interstitial injection of various dyes, including the masses of Gerot. Low information content and numerous artifacts do not allow us to consider the data obtained by this method on lymphatic microvessels of myocardium reliable. The purpose of the work is to confirm or refute the data on the presence of lymphatic microvessels in the myocardium, using various methods for their detection. The vessels of the microvascular flow bed of the myocardium of intact experimental animals, rats (n = 7), cats (n = 3), rabbits (n = 3) was detected by the methods of Grant and Ranvier-Goyer in modification II. Markov. As a control, a universal method for the impregnation of argyrophilic structures was used. The data obtained give unambiguously reason to believe that there are no lymphatic microvessels in the myocardium of mammals.

In this review of literature present duplex scanning technology as modern noninvasive information technique of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis verification. The article gives assessment and description of intima-media complex thicknesses and atherosclerotic plaques in patients risk stratification within the scope of primary cardiovascular prophylaxis.