Corotation of a planetary magnetosphere with the rotation frequency of the planet is maintained by the viscous torque exerted by ion‐neutral collisions in the planetary atmosphere, this torque being transmitted to the magnetosphere by Birkeland currents. In a steady state this torque balances the inertial drag associated with the production and/or outward transport of magnetospheric plasma. The viscous torque in the atmosphere requires some departure from rigid corotation, i.e., some difference between the average rotation velocities of the ionospheric plasma and of the un‐ionized atmosphere. In this paper we calculate the inertial corotation lag as a function of radial distance in the magnetosphere, the solution being parameterized in terms of the Pedersen conductivity of the atmosphere and the rate at which plasma mass is produced and transported outward in the magnetosphere. Although insignificant in the case of earth's magnetosphere, the calculated inertial corotation lag is significant in the case of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, where the rotation frequency may decrease by a factor of the order of 2 between the planetary surface and the magnetopause. One interesting consequence is that the active sector of Jupiter's magnetosphere (which is associated with a longitudinally restricted sector of enhanced ionospheric conductivity) should rotate faster, at a given distance, than adjacent longitude sectors and should therefore sweep up plasma from adjacent longitudes, thus amplifying the preexisting enhancement of plasma concentration in the active longitude sector.

Two mechanisms have been proposed for solar wind particle injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusps: magnetic merging and cross-field diffusion. These two mechanisms are experimentally distinguishable in that they produce different latitudinal distributions of particles penetrating to the low-altitude cusp. An examination of proton and electron measurements obtained by the AE-C satellite in the lowaltitude dayside cusp reveals evidence of both types of injection processes. A majority of the injection events, especially the more intense fluxes, are best explained by a merging injection model in which cusp particles are confined to the poleward side of the last closed field line and have a characteristic energy that decreases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Less frequent and less intense injection events are better explained in terms of a diffusive injection of cusp particles onto closed dayside field lines with a characteristic energy that increases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Although diffusion appears to be quantitatively less important than merging in terms of the instantaneous particle injection rate, cross-field diffusion nevertheless appears to proceed at an unexpectedly fast rate, possibly exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit.

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Although Mercury and Mars appear to have magnetospheres of comparable size, Mercury's magnetosphere accelerates charged particles, whereas Mars' magnetosphere apparently does not. We propose that this difference results from the fact that rapid steady‐state convection, and the associated particle acceleration, cannot occur in a Martian magnetosphere because of its connection to a highly conducting ionosphere. Mercury, which has no conducting ionosphere and probably an insufficiently conducting surface, can exhibit rapid solar‐wind‐induced convection and hence particle acceleration in its magnetospheric tail.

It has often been stated that Saturn's magnetosphere and aurorae are intermediate between those of Earth, where the dominant processes are solar wind driven, and those of Jupiter, where processes are driven by a large source of internal plasma. But this view is based on information about Saturn that is far inferior to what is now available. Here we report ultraviolet images of Saturn, which, when combined with simultaneous Cassini measurements of the solar wind and Saturn kilometric radio emission, demonstrate that its aurorae differ morphologically from those of both Earth and Jupiter. Saturn's auroral emissions vary slowly; some features appear in partial corotation whereas others are fixed to the solar wind direction; the auroral oval shifts quickly in latitude; and the aurora is often not centred on the magnetic pole nor closed on itself. In response to a large increase in solar wind dynamic pressure Saturn's aurora brightened dramatically, the brightest auroral emissions moved to higher latitudes, and the dawn side polar regions were filled with intense emissions. The brightening is reminiscent of terrestrial aurorae, but the other two variations are not. Rather than being intermediate between the Earth and Jupiter, Saturn's auroral emissions behave fundamentally differently from those at the other planets.