Our meta-analysis demonstrates that genistein significantly reduces homocysteine levels and increases HDL cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. Genistein also significantly decreases LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.

Temporal perception is crucial to cognitive functions. To better estimate temporal durations, the observers need to construct an internal reference frame based on past experience and apply it to guide future perception. However, how this internal reference frame is constructed remains largely unclear. Here we showed the dynamics of the internal reference construction from the perspective of serial dependence in temporal reproduction tasks. We found the current duration estimation is biased towards both perceived and reproduced durations in previous trials. Moreover, this effect is regulated by the variability of sample durations. The influence of previous trials was stronger when the observers were exposed to context with more variable durations, which is inconsistent with previous theories that the similarity between successive stimuli induces serial dependence. We proposed a Bayesian model with an adaptive reference updated continuously after each observation, which can better explain the serial dependence observed in temporal perception.

21Accumulating evidence indicates that the human's proprioception map appears 22 subject-specific. However, whether the idiosyncratic pattern persists across time with 23 good within-subject consistency has not been quantitatively examined. Here we 24 measured the proprioception by a hand visual-matching task in multiple sessions over 25 two days. We found that people improved their proprioception when tested 26 repetitively without performance feedback. Importantly, despite the reduction of 27 average error, the spatial pattern of proprioception errors remained idiosyncratic. 28Based on individuals' proprioceptive performance, a standard convolutional neural 29 network classifier could identify people with good accuracy. We also found that 30 subjects' baseline proprioceptive performance could not predict their motor 31 performance in a visual trajectory-matching task even though both tasks require 32 accurate mapping of hand position to visual targets in the same workspace. Using a 33 separate experiment, we not only replicated these findings but also ruled out the 34 possibility that performance feedback during a few familiarization trials caused the 35 observed improvement in proprioception. We conclude that the conventional 36 proprioception test itself, even without feedback, can improve proprioception but 37 leave the idiosyncrasy of proprioception unchanged. 38 39 40 Keywords 41 Proprioception, kinaesthesia, visuomotor mapping, motor performance, motor 42 learning 43 44 45 72 4 73 However, to our knowledge, the subject-specificity of the proprioception map has 74 never been systematically examined. Many previous studies reached their conclusions 75 by eyeballing of data (Brown et al. 2003b; van den Dobbelsteen et al. 2004; Smeets et 76 al. 2006). Other studies calculated the within-subject correlation coefficients between 77 measurements from different conditions and found they were significantly larger than 78 zero (Wann and Ibrahim 1992; Desmurget et al. 2000). However, this kind of 79 correlation results only shows the similarity between conditions as opposed to the 80 idiosyncrasy of proprioception maps between subjects. A couple of studies computed 81 the within-subject correlation of proprioception maps and the between-subject 82 correlation, but they did not compare these correlations, possibly due to a limited 83 number of participants (Helms Tillery et al. 1994; Vindras et al. 1998; Rincon-84 Gonzalez et al. 2011). In sum, no previous study has quantitively examined the 85 idiosyncrasy of the proprioception map, leaving the question open about to what 86 extent one's proprioception map can be distinguished from others'. 87 88 Proprioception underlies motor performance in various tasks (Rosenbaum 2009). 89 Recent studies also found that motor learning and proprioceptive training could 90 benefit each other if these two tasks were similar. Proprioceptive training by passively 91 moving one's hand around a target circle could improve the subsequent motor 92 learning of drawing the target (Wong et...

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