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Recent studies have indicated that nitric oxide may play a role in inhalation anaesthesia. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for inhalation anaesthetics and decreases cerebellar nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in rats. In this study, we have explored further the role of nitric oxide in isoflurane anaesthesia by examining the effects of a nitric oxide scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO 0.075-0.6 mg kg" 1) on MAC values and cerebellar NOS activity in rats. Bolus injection of carboxy-PTIO at doses greater than 0.15 mg kg" 1 reduced the MAC value of isoflurane (mean 1.36 (SEM 0.07)% at 0.15 mg kg" 1 , 1.39 (0.14)% at 0.3 mg kg" 1 and 1.31 (0.06)% at 0.6 mg kg" 1 vs control value of 1.61 (0.19)%). Administration of carboxy-PTIO 0.125 and 0.15 mg kg"' resulted in increased cerebellar NOS activity during isoflurane anaesthesia (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the level of nitric oxide may set a baseline from which isoflurane then acts.

The materials will show remarkable different characteristics and phenomenon in the nano-scale. It has become unlackable to build and use precise measurement technologies and systems to understand and control the material characteristics. In this paper, a primary surface force apparatus to measure the thickness and refractive index of thin film is developed based on the multiple beam interferometriy. Using the symmetrical three-layer formula from Israelachvili, a software is designed to analyze the Fringe of Equal Chromatic Order (FECO) produced from multiple beam interferometry. Test of the system on the the experimental FECO is shown. The applicability of the system is validated. Further discussion of the factors that affect the formation of FECO is given.