In response to insect attack, plants release complex blends of volatile compounds. These volatiles serve as foraging cues for herbivores, predators and parasitoids, leading to plant-mediated interactions within and between trophic levels. Hence, plant volatiles may be important determinants of insect community composition. To test this, we created rice lines that are impaired in the emission of two major signals, S-linalool and (E)-β-caryophyllene. We found that inducible S-linalool attracted predators and parasitoids as well as chewing herbivores, but repelled the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest. The constitutively produced (E)-β-caryophyllene on the other hand attracted both parasitoids and planthoppers, resulting in an increased herbivore load. Thus, silencing either signal resulted in specific insect assemblages in the field, highlighting the importance of plant volatiles in determining insect community structures. Moreover, the results imply that the manipulation of volatile emissions in crops has great potential for the control of pest populations.

Based on these results, we propose that HER2 positivity could be a significant risk factor for the presence of CTCs. Additionally, CTCs have a significant prognostic value for MBC patients. Therefore, CTCs should be continually monitored to guide the treatment of MBC patients, especially those with HER2 + primary tumors.

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The gyrokinetic simulation using the gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC) is carried out for the dissipative trapped electron mode (DTEM), which is an important source for the electrostatic turbulence in the pedestal of tokamak plasmas. The DTEM instability is identified for the edge plasmas, and its dependence on the wavelength and collisional frequency is obtained by both simulation and theory. It is shown for the first time that the linear gyrokinetic simulation results are fully consistent with that from the analytic theory with edge parameters. This suggests that the GTC code can simulate accurately the DTEM instability in the pedestal. It provides a useful benchmark for verifying gyrokinetic simulation of edge plasmas.