Funding informationCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) of the Brazilian Ministry of Education The canine BRCA2 is a tumor supressor gene which encodes the BRCA2 protein, involved in DNA repair through interaction with the RAD51 recombinase. This process is mediated by eigth BRC repeats that are encoded by BRCA2 exon 11. Two variants corresponding to human mutations in human BRC3 repeat have been reported in canine BRC3 repeat. In addition, other variants have also been described in canine BRCA2 exon 11. Considering the importance of polymorphisms in human BRCA2 to breast cancer development, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of variants in BRCA2 exon 11 in 48 blood and tissue DNA samples from bitches with canine mammary tumors (CMT), as well as, to analyze tumor stage and histopathological features. Seven Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, three of which were evaluated as possibily or probably deleterious variant.Interestingly, almost all the 22 mammary tumors (except one) which presented a clinical staging equal to or greater than III carried at least one mutant allele of these three variants.Besides that, no statistically significant correlation was observed between any of the reported SNPs in heterozygosis or homozygosis and either dogs data (such as breed, age or disease stage) or mammary tumors histopathological characteristics. A total of 97.9% of bitches had one to three polymorphisms of the seven identified in this study, which suggests a possibly correlation between the canine BRCA2 exon 11 polymorphisms and mammary carcinogenesis. K E Y W O R D SBRCA2, breast cancer, canine, carcinogenesis, RAD51

The protein p53 is considered to be one of the most important tumor suppressor factors. Despite this importance, a potential association between TP53 messenger (m)RNA levels and tumor aggressiveness has not been well defined in animal cancer. We assessed and correlated TP53 gene expression in 40 canine mammary carcinomas with histologic grade, tumor size, and aggressiveness. The tumors were subjected to histologic analysis and the TP53 mRNA levels determined by RT-rtPCR. Statistical analysis revealed no correlation between levels of TP53 mRNA and tumor aggressiveness ( r = 0.00) or tumor growth ( r = 0.06). Histologic grades ( r = 0.17) and mitosis count ( r = 0.12) showed a weak correlation with TP53 mRNA expression levels. These findings are consistent with molecular studies that revealed heterogeneous expression of TP53 in canine and human mammary tumors. Hence, TP53 gene expression alone cannot be considered a marker for tumor aggressiveness in canine mammary carcinomas.

Uso do corante azul de metileno a 2% na localização do linfonodo axilar em cadelas (Canis familiaris -Linnaeus, 1758)Use of 2% methylene blue dye for location of axillary lymph node in bitches (Canis familiaris -Linnaeus, 1758) Resumo A biopsia de linfonodo sentinela (LS) é cada vez mais utilizada para a determinação do estadiamento clínico tumoral. O acometimento de linfonodos em animais com doença oncológica possui forte valor prognóstico no tumor da glândula mamária. Em medicina veterinária faltam diretrizes bem estabelecidas para a avaliação do LS. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do corante azul de metileno a 2% na identificação do linfonodo axilar em cadelas com lesões mamárias. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 101 cadelas, portadoras de lesões mamárias, submetidas à mastectomia radical unilateral ou bilateral. Antes do início da cirurgia, aplicou-se, por via intradérmica, na área ao redor da mama torácica cranial, solução de azul de metileno a 2% estéril. O corante foi eficaz na identificação do linfonodo axilar em 76,27% das cadeias mamárias. Obtiveram-se estruturas coradas em azul, semelhantes a linfonodos em 78,81% dos casos. Dessas estruturas, 96,77% foram confirmadas ao exame histopatológico como linfonodos. Dada a importância prognóstica do comprometimento de linfonodos em alguns tumores, a avaliação do LS deve ser incorporada à rotina clínica, de modo a permitir um estadiamento mais preciso das cadelas com neoplasia mamária. Palavras-chave: Sentinela. Neoplasia. Metástase. Mama. AbstractA biopsy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) is increasingly used to determine tumor clinical staging. The involvement of lymph nodes in veterinary patients has strong prognostic value in mammary gland tumors. There is a lack of well established guidelines for the evaluation of the SLN in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of 2% methylene blue dye in identifying axillary lymph node in dogs. Thus, we used 101 bitches suffering from breast lesions that underwent unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Before surgery, sterile 2% methylene blue solution was applied intradermally in the area around the cranial thoracic gland. The dye was effective in identifying axillary lymph node in 76.27% of mammary chains. Blue stained structures similar to lymph nodes were obtained in 78.81% of cases and 96.77% of these structures were confirmed histopathologically as lymph nodes. Given the prognostic significance of lymph node involvement in some tumors, evaluation of SLN should be incorporated into clinical routine in order to allow a more accurate clinical staging of bitches with breast cancer.

TP53 and PGAM1 genes play a key role in glycolysis which is an essential metabolic pathway of cancer cells for obtaining energy. The purpose of this work was to evaluate PGAM1 and TP53 mRNA expressions in canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and to correlate them with animal data and tumour histological features. None of the nine samples analysed revealed PGAM1 DNA sequence variations. PGAM1 and TP53 RNA expressions from 21 CMC were analysed using a one-step reverse transcription-PCR kit and its platform system. Most CMC samples had low levels of PGAM1 mRNA (71.5%) and normal expression of TP53 mRNA (95.2%). Our results suggest a different feature of the Warburg effect on canine mammary cancer cells compared to human cells.

ResumoOs sarcomas são neoplasias de origem mesenquimal, sendo considerados tumores agressivos que frequentemente geram metástases e rápida debilidade. A indicação terapêutica é a exérese tumoral enquanto ainda não houver metástases. A terapia fotodinâmica tem sido utilizada para o tratamento de neoplasias tanto em humanos quanto em animais e muitos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos de maneira a aprimorar e avaliar a efetividade da técnica. Uma calopsita (Nynphycus hollandicus) foi levada para atendimento no Hospital Veterinário Professor Firmino Mársico Filho (HUVET-UFF) apresentando nódulo em região escapuloumeral. O diagnóstico citopatológico concluiu sarcoma. Devido à localização e impossibilidade de exérese cirúrgica, optou-se pela realização da terapia fotodinâmica utilizando-se o azul de metileno a 2% como agente fotossensibilizador e fonte de luz laser diodo (Vetlight®). A terapia fotodinâmica empregando o azul de metileno como agente fotossensibilizante foi eficaz no controle do crescimento tumoral até os 30 dias posteriores observados.Palavras-chave: aves, fotoquimioterapia, neoplasia. AbstractSarcoma are tumors of mesenchymal origin. They are aggressive tumors that frequently metastasize and rapid weakness. The therapeutic indication is the resection while there is still no metastasis. Photodynamic therapy has been used for the treatment of cancer in both humans and animals and many studies have been developed in order to improve and enhance the effectiveness of the techniques. A Nynphycus hollandicus was brought to HUVET-UFF clinical service presenting a lump in scapulohumeral region. The citological exam had a diagnosis of sarcoma. Due to its location and inability to surgical excision, was decided by the completion of photodynamic therapy using methylene blue at 2% as a phosensitizing agent and laser diode light source (Vetlight®). Photodynamic therapy using methylene blue as photosensitizing agent was effective in controlling growth up to 30 days later observed.Keywords: birds, neoplasia, photochemotherapy. IntroduçãoAs aves de estimação podem apresentar ampla variedade de doenças neoplásicas (Araújo et al., 2007). As neoplasias são comumente detectadas nessas aves, em função de serem mais facilmente observadas, além de terem uma vida mais longa e uma predisposição genética que pode estar associada à endogamia (Latimer, 1994). A exposição a agentes carcinogênicos ambientais e nutricionais pode ser considerada um fator predisponente (Sinhorini, 2008). Linfomas, fibromas, fibrossarcomas, lipomas e lipossarcomas são alguns dos principais tumores observados (Reece, 1992).Os sarcomas frequentemente apresentam-se como massas firmes e de difícil delimitação. A análise citopatológica é uma ferramenta de triagem que permite a detecção de células tumorais assim como do tecido de origem. A histopatologia é o método de eleição para o diagnóstico mais detalhado das massas tumorais (Withrow, 2007). O tratamento baseia-se na excisão radical antes da detecção de metástase, o que pode ocasionar sangramento extenso (La...