Weight loss in combination with increased physical activity, a negative energy balance, and diet adjustment was associated with lower inflammation and consequently with lower cardiovascular risk factors.

Ageing and inactivity both contribute to systemic inflammation, but the effects of inactivity on inflammation in healthy elderly individuals have not been elucidated. We hypothesised that 14-day bed rest could affect the pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in young subjects differently than in older adults. A short-term 14-day horizontal bed rest study (BR14) has been used as a model of inactivity in two groups of healthy male volunteers: 7 aged 18-30 years (young) and 16 aged 55-65 years (older adults). The effects of inactivity on inflammation were compared. Key low-grade inflammation mediators, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), visfatin, resistin, and anti-inflammatory adiponectin were measured in fasting serum samples, collected at baseline (BDC) and post BR14. Young responded to BR14 by increasing serum visfatin and resistin while older adults responded to BR14 by increasing IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, serum adiponectin increased in all participants. Data from correlation analysis demonstrated positive association between Δ serum visfatin and Δ IL-6 in both groups, while Δ serum adiponectin was negatively associated with Δ TNF-α in young and positively associated with Δ resistin in the older adults. As little as 14 days of complete physical inactivity (BR14) negatively affected markers of low-grade inflammation in both groups, but the inflammation after BR14 was more pronounced in older adults. The effect of BR14 on IL-6 and resistin differed between young and older adults. Inflammatory responses to BR14 in older adults differed from those reported in the literature for obese or subjects in pathological states, suggesting potentially different mechanisms between inactivity- and obesity-induced inflammations.

No abstract

This study was focused on the creation of high-protein bars formulated using whey protein isolate (24%) and soy protein isolate (6%) as the sources of proteins; oat flakes and inulin, both abundant in dietary fibres, and creatine monohydrate and other minor ingredients (vitamin and mineral mixture, potassium sorbate) to achieve the requirements for a meal replacement formula for physically active people. The nutritional profile of the high-protein bar was examined (energy 1215 kJ/288 kcal; protein 34.1 ± 0.20 g, fat 6.01 ± 0.13 g of which was saturated 3.12 ± 0.08 g, fibre 3.10 ± 0.17 g carbohydrate 23.0 ± 0.16 g of which sugars 1.50 ± 0.19 g and starch 21.5 ± 0.11 g in 100 g), and sensory properties with instrumental parameters (texture and colour) were determined and compared with bars commercially available on the market. The created high-protein bar was sensorily acceptable in comparison to other commercially available bars. The dietary intervention study was conducted on elite athletes (professional handball players) to evaluate effects of created versus control bar consumption on their metabolic parameters. The baseline characteristics (mean age, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, muscle mass, lean mass and fat percentage) of the athletes (8) were determined at the start of the study. The cross-over intervention study was organized in two successive phases (5 days each) with a seven-day long washout period between phases. Bars were consumed after the afternoon training unit. Blood samples were collected at the start and the end of the intervention study to analyse the metabolic profiles of the athletes. Serum levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL), low-density cholesterol (LDL) and total cholesterol (HOL), glucose, triacylglycerides (TAG), total and direct bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The results showed that bar consumption significantly decreased serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased total and direct bilirubin levels, suggesting lower exercise-induced muscle damage and increased antioxidative response, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the consumption of the created high-protein bar was able to improve physiological adaptation after training.

Uvod: Namen raziskave je z uporabo pregleda literature predstaviti in analizirati rezultate raziskav, ki so proučevale vpliv prehranskih terapij na preprečevanje presnovnega sindroma. Metode: Za pregled literature in analizo so bile uporabljene primerjalne, presečne in longitudinalne raziskave, ki so bile objavljene od leta 2002 do 2012 v elektronskih bazah podatkov Medline in CINAHL. Skupno število zadetkov je bilo 166, v nadaljnjo analizo pa je bilo vključenih pet raziskav. Kriterij pri izboru raziskav je bil, da raziskave vključujejo podatke za vseh pet rizičnih dejavnikov presnovnega sindroma in prehransko terapijo. Rezultati: V raziskavah, ki so vključevale različne prehranske terapije, so največji poudarek na spremembo življenjskega sloga podale: zdrava uravnotežena prehrana, mediteranska prehrana, mediteranska prehrana z nižjim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov, konvencionalna prehrana za diabetike in lakto-vegetarijanska prehrana. Dieta z nizkim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov, nizkokalorična dieta in dieta z visoko vsebnostjo ogljikovih hidratov in manjšim energijskim vnosom so bile bolj osredotočene na prehransko terapijo in niso podale ustreznih smernic za spremembo življenjskega sloga. Izbranih pet raziskav kaže statistično pomemben vpliv prehranskih terapij na znižanje telesne mase (p < 0,001). Diskusija in zaključek: Do sedaj so izvedene raziskave obravnavale le posamezen dejavnik presnovnega sindroma na zdravje in niso raziskovale vpliva vseh petih dejavnikov v kombinaciji s prehransko terapijo.