In-flight icing is a critical technical issue for aircraft safety and, in particular, the droplet impingement areas on aircraft surfaces must be investigated for anti-/de-icing devices. As a step toward the prediction of droplet impingement on aircraft, an Eulerian-based droplet impingement code that provides collection efficiency for air flows around an airfoil containing water droplets is developed. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver was also developed to solve the clean airflow. Then, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method, a reduced order model (ROM), that optimally captures the energy content from a large multi-dimensional data set is utilized to efficiently predict the collection efficiency and ice accretion shapes on an airfoil following the mean volume diameter, liquid water contents and angle of attacks. As a result it is shown that the collection efficiency and ice shapes were in good agreement with the simulated and predicted results.

This paper describes a shape optimization study to maximize the range of a guided missile. To design a guided missile having maximum range, a shape optimization system is incorporated with a trajectory analysis program and an optimization technique. In particular, trajectory-dependent aerodynamic coefficients are fully considered. In the trajectory analysis step, a component buildup method is directly connected to the equation of motion to calculate aerodynamic coefficients at every time step. In the optimization step, a real-coded adaptive range genetic algorithm is adopted to determine the optimal shape of the global maximum range. The shape optimization system of a guided missile can maximize the range of the missile and yield the optimal shapes of canards and tailfins. Finally, the effects of trajectory-dependent aerodynamic coefficients, guidance, and control on the range of a missile are illustrated.= Mach number = angle of attack, rad c = canards deflection angle, rad

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Context: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) can seriously affect the quality of patient lives due to chronic widespread pain. One of treatment strategies for the management of FMS is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments including acupuncture. A new acupuncture therapy, acupuncture point injection (API) that combines acupuncture and medication is recently used in China and Korea to accomplish more effective therapeutic outcomes. Yet, there is no attempt to investigate the effect of API with placental extract on the treatment of FMS.Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of API with placental extract on pain reduction and life quality in patients with FMS.Methods: This is a retrospective study analyzing medical records.Setting: Clinical setting.Participants: Participants were 64 patients at the clinic being treated for FMS, at an average age of 46 having symptom duration from 6 months to 2 years. Intervention: Placental extract was weekly injected into acupuncture points GB21, SI11, SI13, SI14, Ex-HN15, and BL13 for five weeks to the participants. Outcome measures:The primary outcome, pain, was measured on a VAS scale. Secondary outcomes, sleep disorder and daily workable hours without break, were evaluated using questionnaire.Results: After APIs with placental extract for five weeks, pain and sleep discomfort were substantially decreased. Patients also displayed elongated productive times which denote workable hours to maintain daily activity without pain-evoked break after the API treatment. Conclusion:We suggest that API with placental extracts is a safe and promising treatment for FMS. A larger follow-up trial is needed to determine more definitely the efficacy of API with placental extract.