Recently, there has been considerable interest in new tiered network cellular architectures, which would likely use many more cell sites than found today. Two major challenges will be i) providing backhaul to all of these cells and ii) finding efficient techniques to leverage higher frequency bands for mobile access and backhaul. This paper proposes the use of outdoor millimeter wave communications for backhaul networking between cells and mobile access within a cell. To overcome the outdoor impairments found in millimeter wave propagation, this paper studies beamforming using large arrays.However, such systems will require narrow beams, increasing sensitivity to movement caused by pole sway and other environmental concerns. To overcome this, we propose an efficient beam alignment technique using adaptive subspace sampling and hierarchical beam codebooks. A wind sway analysis is presented to establish a notion of beam coherence time. This highlights a previously unexplored tradeoff between array size and wind-induced movement. Generally, it is not possible to use larger arrays without risking a corresponding performance loss from wind-induced beam misalignment. The performance of the proposed alignment technique is analyzed and compared with other search and alignment methods.The results show significant performance improvement with reduced search time. Index Terms

Abstract-Channel estimation and precoding in hybrid analogdigital millimeter-wave (mmWave) MIMO systems is a fundamental problem that has yet to be addressed, before any of the promised gains can be harnessed. For that matter, we propose a method (based on the well-known Arnoldi iteration) exploiting channel reciprocity in TDD systems and the sparsity of the channel's eigenmodes, to estimate the right (resp. left) singular subspaces of the channel, at the BS (resp. MS). We first describe the algorithm in the context of conventional MIMO systems, and derive bounds on the estimation error in the presence of distortions at both BS and MS. We later identify obstacles that hinder the application of such an algorithm to the hybrid analog-digital architecture, and address them individually. In view of fulfilling the constraints imposed by the hybrid analog-digital architecture, we further propose an iterative algorithm for subspace decomposition, whereby the above estimated subspaces, are approximated by a cascade of analog and digital precoder/combiner. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our scheme against the perfect CSI, fully digital case (i.e., an equivalent conventional MIMO system), and conclude that similar performance can be achieved, especially at medium-to-high SNR (where the performance gap is less than 5%), however, with a drastically lower number of RF chains (∼ 4 to 8 times less).

Abstract-In this paper, an adaptive limited feedback linear precoding technique for temporally correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels is proposed, where the receiver has perfect channel knowledge but the transmitter only receives a quantized channel direction. To perform adaptation to the time correlation structure, we employ a differential feedback, where the "amount" of the perturbation added to the previous precoder is determined by the statistics of the directional variation. Based on random matrix quantization analysis, we develop a spherical cap codebook approach, where the cap is centered at the previous precoder and the radius of the cap is determined proportional to the identified directional variation. If the channel is highly correlated in time, the proposed differential feedback scheme can achieve a throughput improvement in the large codebook size regime. The rest of the paper is devoted to developing a systematic spherical cap codebook generation method. The developed approach employs a feedback scheme that uses a differential rotation of the previously used precoder. Our codebook adaptation is based on generating a perturbation in Euclidean space and projecting the perturbation onto the unitary space. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptation scheme accurately tracks the channel using only a small rate of feedback.Index Terms-Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, adaptive linear precoding, limited feedback, differential feedback, temporal correlation.

Abstract-We consider channel/subspace tracking systems for temporally correlated millimeter wave (e.g., E-band) multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Our focus is given to the tracking algorithm in the non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environment, where the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with hybrid analog/digital precoder and combiner, respectively. In the absence of straightforward time-correlated channel model in the millimeter wave MIMO literature, we present a temporal MIMO channel evolution model for NLoS millimeter wave scenarios. Considering that conventional MIMO channel tracking algorithms in microwave bands are not directly applicable, we propose a new channel tracking technique based on sequentially updating the precoder and combiner. Numerical results demonstrate the superior channel tracking ability of the proposed technique over independent sounding approach in the presented channel model and the spatial channel model (SCM) adopted in 3GPP specification.

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