Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a term that describes a group of metabolic diseases with the common characteristic ‘’Hyperglycaemia’’ an increase in blood glucose level. The two most important representatives of the group are diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. In the former, an autoimmune reaction leads to the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas which leads to an absolute insulin deficiency. The more common type 2 diabetes mellitus has both a strong genetic component as well as a significant association with metabolic syndrome. A disturbed effect of the insulin on the body cells (insulin resistance) and an (initially increased compensatory and then reduced) insulin secretion of the beta cells lead to hyperglycemia. Unfortunately, this type of diabetes often remains clinically inapparent for many years, but already leads to serious organ damage, especially of the heart, circulatory system, kidneys, eyes and nervous system, due to the pathological metabolic situation via micro- and macroangiopathies. Theoretically, weight normalization, physical activity and a balanced diet would often be sufficient in type 2 diabetics to prevent manifestation and progression of the disease. Unfortunately, this is extremely rare, so that glycemic control (in addition to dietary instructions) initially requires oral antidiabetics and, in the event of secondary failure, insulin injections. In the case of type 1 diabetes, on the other hand, it is necessary to compensate for the absolute lack of insulin through meal-controlled insulin administration, which corresponds to carbohydrate-defined food intake. Intensive patient training is required in order to avoid life-threatening hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and to approach the goal of a normoglycaemic metabolic state. Diabetes is associated with macroangiopathic complications like coronary heart disease, arterial disease of the cerebral arteries (stroke), peripheral arterial disease as well as microangiopathic ones such as: diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome. The latter is caused mainly due to a neuropathic disorder in the foot of the diabetic patient which is characterized by warm dry skin and decreased sensation in Sensitivity, vibration, Pain and temperature with vital foot pulses. A Cool, pale foot with absent foot pulses is a sign of the less common ischemic diabetic foot due to peripheral arterial disease. In extreme cases, ulcers can arise on the ground of a neuropathic diabetic foot, especially on the balls of the feet and heels. These are painless neuropathic ulcers, that can be a starting point for a life- threatening phlegmonous infections. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of diabetes patients with a history of diabetic foot ulcers between December 2021 and June 2022. We obtained a written consent from all patients in the group. All patients were older than 18 years old and they were all diagnosed with diabetic foot syndrome. The study excluded patients who didn’t complete the questionnaire. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board (IRB) of the Faculty of Medicine in the Syrian Private University. Results: Out of the 120 participants in the study, 63.3% were male, and 36.7% were female. 38.3% of patients were smokers. Most of them have primary education level 30%. Most patients have peripheral neuropathy 85%, and hypertriglyceridemia 40%. Most patients have type 2 diabetes 78.3% and 21.7% type 1 diabetes. 40.7% were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, and 30.5% were treated with insulin only. The mean SINBAD score was 3.1 out of 6, most of whom were grade 3 with 31.7%, and grade 4 with 25%. The results showed a relationship between the SINBAD score categories with demographic factors, family history of diabetes, complications of diabetes and ulcer characteristics (location, ischemia, associated neuropathy, the presence of bacterial infection. Conclusion: Additional details regarding age, sex, predisposing factors and diabetes status of patients with hyperglycemia and inadequate control were obtained. These urges conducting better health programs and stresses the importance of conducting a periodic health assessment for patients with diabetes and diabetic foot in particular, while educating patients about the importance of taking care of diabetic foot in an optimal manner to avoid amputation as an advanced complication. It was also found that the incidence of diabetic ulcers with the worst prognosis was in patients of advanced ages who suffer from peripheral arterial disease with sensory neuropathy accompanying infection with ulcers being located on the soles of the feet as a high-risk factor that affects the healing and prognosis of ulcers. It requires more studies to follow up the condition and its recovery is better and in a shorter period.

Introduction The menstrual cycle is a monthly series of changes a woman's body goes through to prepare for the possibility of pregnancy. Disturbances of menstrual cycle varies and among those are the following. Premenstrual syndrome: Is a group of negative mood or physical symptoms that occur after ovulation and recede in the early phase of the menstrual cycle. Menorrhea is one of the most common female complaints. In half of the cases, the cause is unknown and may be a sign of a serious problem. Oligomenorrhea: Menstrual bleeding that is less than normal, about less than 80ml, and that lasts less than 2 days. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Women usually suffer from obesity, acne, and masculine features - the voice becomes deep, breasts decrease in size, and excess body hair appears. Dysmenorrhea: menstrual-related pain or cramping in the lower abdomen, is one of the most common women's problems Materials and Methods The data related to this study was collected using paper questionnaires. These forms were designed by the student in charge of the research under the supervision of the professor responsible for the thesis This data from the paper questionnaires was entered into a SPSS file version 25 to be analyzed and the results of this study found. Where the descriptive analysis (frequencies and percentages) was found for all variables in the study, and the inferential analysis included the study of the existence of relationships and correlations between many of the studied variables using Chi-square tests and One way-ANOVA. Results The sample in our study consisted of 315 female students from various faculties at the Syrian Private University. The largest number of female students who answered this questionnaire were female students of the Faculty of Human Medicine, as their number reached 131 female students, or 42%. Female students of the Faculty of Pharmacy came in second place, with a total of Their number is 57 students at a rate of 18%, while the students of the College of Dentistry reached 30 students at a rate of 10%. The rest of the students were distributed among the rest of the colleges between the College of Informatics Engineering, Petroleum Engineering and Business Administration, where their number reached 49, 9, 39 students, at a rate of 16% and 3%. and 12%, respectively. When examining menstrual disorders that occurred among female students who suffer from other diseases such as thyroid diseases, we found that two female students had amenorrhea with a rate of 18%, and polymenorrhea in two female students also with the same percentage, and the menstrual cycle was regular for 4 female students with a rate of 36%, and there was a female student Only one had heavy menorrhagia with a rate of 9%, and two students suffered from a lack of menorrhagia with a rate of 18%. As for the female students who suffered from autoimmune diseases, 4 female students had a regular cycle with a rate of 67%, and only two female students had heavy periods with a rate of 33%. As for the female students who suffered from polycystic ovary syndrome, 9 female students had suffered from secondary amenorrhea with a rate of 33%, and 9 female students also had regular cycles. As for the rest of the menstrual disorders, 3 female students suffered from each menstrual disorder, with a rate of 11% for each. Conclusion Menstrual problems are common in our societies but studies that cover these disturbances are very rare. Further studies are needed in order to identify the predisposing factors and finding proper treatment.

Background Pituitary tumors are mostly benign masses and are rarely malignant. Pituitary tumors are either secretory or non-secretory tumors. Pituitary tumors are presented with a variety of symptoms based on the hormone that is secreted. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in Damascus hospital containing 150 patients between the years 2012 and 2022 based on a specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Results have shown a correlation between metabolic disorders and being female compared to males. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms were noticeable in patients with a positive family history. Conclusion In this study patients with pituitary tumors presented with a variety of symptoms, which depicts the importance of having more studies done in the future regarding these conditions.

Background Dietary habits have an integral role in glycemic control. Where uncontrolled glucose levels can have an impact on almost every organ in the patients’ bodies. In this study, the target fasting blood glucose is set to be 70–180 mg/dl in accordance with the American Diabetes Association which recommends keeping this value to more than 16 hours and 48 minutes a day. Objective Intending to explore the food frequency consumption and its association with poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients in Syria. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data on the dietary pattern of 104 patients with type two diabetes were collected by trained interviewers in two diabetic clinics in Damascus, Syria. Dietary information was obtained by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Overall diet quality was evaluated. Glycemic control was assessed by fasting plasma glucose. Results the general dietary habits demonstrate that 55.8% of the patients recorded fasting Blood Glucose of 70–180 mg/dl, 21.1% recorded 181–250 mg/dl, and 23.1% recorded above 250 mg/dl. None of the food items studied in this research recorded a statistical significance excepts for excess amounts of white sugar, and consuming fast food weekly which were associated with poor glycemic control. Conclusion Consuming fast food weekly, and using 6–7 tablespoons or more of sugar a day could possibly serve as an independent predictor of poor glycemic control. Furthermore, distributing the total food intake in a day into multiple meals and eating less amounts of rice and creamed cheese were recognized to record better glycemic values, however, these results were not statistically significant.

Background: This study aims to assess the level of health care for patients with diabetes in Damascus during the Syrian crisis by studying the level of health awareness and its relationship to the levels of Hemoglobin A1c, and studying the availability of drug therapy and the quality of treatment follow-up provided for patients. Methods and materials: A descriptive cross-sectional study, that used a paper questionnaire filled out by means of a mini interview, the sample was selected from patients with diabetes who were in the outpatient department of Damascus Hospital and the endocrinology clinic at the Martyr Bassam Abboud Medical Center. Results: The study included 385 patients (56.6% males and 43.4% females) and 48.05% of the participants were in the age group of 40–60 years. The level of health awareness among patients was good, especially with regard to information about the role of diet and exercise in diabetes, knowledge of interpreting the results of blood sugar tests and methods to prevent hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia attacks. No relationship was found between the high level of health awareness and decreased values ​​of Hemoglobin A1C in the participants. 74.3% of the participants expressed that they do not face difficulties in order to acquire treatment, as they used to get it for free from health centers. The majority of patients checked their blood sugar level continuously and checked the levels of Hemoglobin A1c, kidney function tests, lipids and cholesterol levels periodically. Conclusion: The level of health awareness for diabetic patients in Damascus is generally average, and there are no difficulties in securing treatment for the majority of patients, and the therapeutic follow-up of the disease was at a high level, as laboratory tests required for diabetes are carried out periodically and regularly.