Background and Objectives: Major depressive disorder associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Many researchers have sought complex association between depressions with hopelessness. The level of severity of such factors can play role in the causes, recovery and prediction of depression. The main objective of this study is to assess the levels of hopelessness among patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A quantitative descriptive study design was conducted at a psychiatric clinic in the Ali Kamal Medical Consultation Center in Sulaimaniya City. A non-probability, convenient sampling was recruited of 150 patients with major depressive disorder attending the psychiatric clinic. The data was collected from December, 21st, 2017 to April 1st, 2018 by the researcher of current study through the utilization of structured interview guided by the questionnaire. Result: The results show that the patients with major depressive disorder experience moderate level to severe level of hopelessness. Suicidal attempt is a highly significant factor affecting the levels of hopelessness. Conclusions: The study concluded that hopelessness value on its own the strongest significant factor may represent emotional source and possibly used to handle or cope with depressed mood by the patients.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) ranked 4th leading cause of disability worldwide and is one of the most common mental health condition, it impacts mood, behavior as well as physical condition, and suicide behavior is common. Epidemiological studies indicated that MDD has numerous individual, family and social factors associated with its prevalence, and the socio demographic factors have consistently been identified as important factors in explaining the variability in prevalence. Aims of the study: The study aims to assess the prevalence risk factors of socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics associated with major depressive disorder among outpatients in Sulaimani city. Methodology: The study involves 329 outpatients with prior diagnosis with major depressive disorder were recruited of the psychiatric clinic in AliKamal consultation center in Sulaimani city via convenience sampling. A questionnaire constructed by the researcher was used to assess the socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics. The data collected through face to face interview method and the ethical considerations and preventive measures of covid-19 disease were implemented. The launches were on October 2021 until December, 2021. The SPSS-version 25 was useing for data analysis. Results: The majority of the outpatients with MDD were females (190, %58) mostly married with low education level and insufficient economic status than males (p˂0.05) large proportion of females (160, 64%) had duration of illness 1-4 year compared to 36% (72) for males, in addition males had more than two number of hospitalization 100% (19) compare to 0% in females due to relapse episode. The suicide attempt was none risk factor associated with major depressive (p˃0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the risk indicators of socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics among outpatients with major depressive disorder that need more continuous interventions. Recommendations: The study recommends that future further studies needed to investigate more risk factors among outpatients and planning strategies to minimize its effect on sufferers

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between colony survival and some preventive procedures. The experiments were conducted in Sulemani governorate during August, September and October 2020. Seventy-two colonies were tested in four localities ( Qaradax , Sulaimani center, Mergapan, and Sartake bamo ); (18 colonies for each location). The tested colonies were treated with; probiotics, formic acid, eucalyptus, Tetracycline and Terramycin. Larger brood area was found in all treated colonies compared to untreated ones. Colonies provided with probiotics showed significantly more brood than untreated colonies in the four locations. Maximum brood area was 203.667 (inch) 2 in Sartake bamo followed by 199.667 (inch) 2 in Mergapan; then 179.000 (inch) 2 in Sulaimani center. While the brood area was not more than 15.667 (inch) 2 in all untreated colonies in the four tested apiaries. Colonies provided with probiotics showed significantly more density of adult workers than untreated colonies in the four locations. Maximum area covered with adult workers (density) was 6.667 Lf. (Langstroth frame) in Sartake bamo followed by 6.333 Lf. in Mergapan; then 6.000 Lf. in those treated with Formic acid in Sartake bamo. While the density of adult workers was not more than 1.000 Lf. in all untreated colonies in the four tested apiaries. Using probiotics and organic acid treatments were the best preventive measures.