These results suggest that the reduction of gingival blood flow by central nicotinic stimulation is accompanied in part by a change of vascular tonus in the gingiva.
Background/purpose In Japan, medical and dental care is provided by the universal health insurance system. The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan sets the rules for health care services provided by health insurance. The MHLW issued a notice in 2020 permitting telemedicine and dental telemedicine for the first visit and for follow-up visits to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection. We conducted this study to clarify the status of dental telemedicine during 2020. Materials and methods We used data from lists obtained on the MHLW website in the analysis. We investigated the number of dental institutions conducing dental telemedicine for the first visit and for follow-up visits by prefecture. Results In each prefecture, fewer dental institutions conducted telemedicine for the first visit than for follow-up visits. Regions with large metropolitan areas had higher numbers of dental institutions conducting dental telemedicine for the first visit and follow-up visits. Private dental clinics provided the largest proportion of dental telemedicine for the first visit, and general hospitals provided the largest proportion for follow-up visits. Conclusion Our study findings indicated that many dental institutions in Japan made efforts to provide dental services via dental telemedicine using the telephone or online with video to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection. Dental telemedicine can help patients to access dental services and dental care, thereby expanding the potential of dental telemedicine in Japan.
Objectives: Several researchers have investigated inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from chronic periodontitis with clinical parameters after periodontal treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify the inflammatory cytokines present in GCF associated with periodontal pocket healing after scaling and root planing (SRP). Methods: Twenty patients were enrolled, and clinical examinations including probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were performed at the first visit, and before and after SRP. The periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) were also calculated. GCF samples were collected before and after SRP to measure the levels of 40 inflammatory cytokines using antibody array. Correlations between changes in cytokine levels and clinical improvements were assessed by single and multiple regression analyses. Results: PPD, PESA and PISA significantly decreased after SRP, while there were no significant differences in the levels of cytokines before (PreSRP) and one week after SRP (PostSRP). Clinical improvements (ΔPPD, ΔPESA and ΔPISA) were calculated using the formula PreSRP-PostSRP, while changes in the levels of inflammatory cytokines were calculated using three formulas: PreSRP-PostSRP, PostSRP/PreSRP and Log(PostSRP/PreSRP). Log (PostSRP/PreSRP) for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) significantly correlated with ΔPESA (R = −0.512). PostSRP/PreSRP and Log(PostSRP/PreSRP) for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) significantly correlated with ΔPISA (R = −0.669, −0.573). Two good fit models were generated by multiple linear regression. Log(PostSRP/PreSRP) for IL-1β significantly affected ΔPESA (R 2 = 0.566). PostSRP/PreSRP for ICAM-1 significantly affected ΔPISA (R 2 = 0.615). were not associated with clinical improvements. However, the present study indicates that lower PostSRP/PreSRP ratios for IL-1β and ICAM-1 in GCF lead to a greater decrease in PESA and PISA, respectively. Periodontal pocket healing might be affected by a decreased ratio of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and ICAM-1 at an early stage after SRP.
Studies suggest that analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is useful for evaluating periodontal status. In this study, clinical variables related to tooth mobility, and multiple cytokine levels in proximate GCF, were measured at four time points during initial periodontal treatment: before treatment (baseline), after supragingival scaling, after occlusal adjustment, and after scaling and root planing (SRP); 20 teeth from 13 patients with periodontitis were included. Baseline interleukin (IL)-10 level in GCF was significantly higher around teeth that showed substantial improvement in periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) after SRP than around teeth without PESA improvement. IL-3 and IL-16 levels in GCF at baseline were significantly higher around teeth with a periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) of 0 mm 2 after SRP than around teeth without PISA improvement. In addition, baseline IL-7, IL-11, and IL-12p40 levels in GCF were significantly lower around teeth with decreased mobility after occlusal adjustment than around teeth without decreased mobility. These results suggest that pre-treatment cytokine levels in GCF are useful in predicting the effects of initial periodontal treatment.
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