Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has gained importance in recent years due to its various benefits, practicability and extensive utilization in diverse applications. The innovation helps to make real-time automation, monitoring, detecting and tracking much easier and more effective than previous technologies. However, as well as their benefits and enormous potential, WSNs are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper is a systematic literature review of the security-related threats and vulnerabilities in WSNs. We review the safety of and threats to each WSN communication layer and then highlight the importance of trust and reputation, and the features related to these, to address the safety vulnerabilities. Finally, we highlight the open research areas which need to be addressed in WSNs to increase their flexibility against security threats.

The quality of e-government services plays a vital role in the effective interaction of users/citizens with e-government portals, and it also improves governments' efficiency and responsiveness as per users' expectations. The objective of this study is to develop an instrument to measure perceived e-government service quality by applying a three-steps approach for models validation; conceptualization, design, and normalization; it was validated with Oman e-government service users. In this article, eight main quality dimensions were studied and validated (personalization, usability, performance, web design, security, citizen involvement, satisfaction, and loyalty). The reported results emphasized the varying importance of all eight quality instruments, in addition to the higher impact of web design and security on e-government services in the context of the Oman e-government.

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