Urban political ecology (UPE) focuses on unsettling traditional understandings of ‘cities’ as ontological entities separate from ‘nature’ and on how the production of settlements is metabolically linked with flows of capital and more-than-human ecological processes. The contribution of this paper is to recalibrate UPE to new urban forms and processes of extended urbanization. This exploration goes against the reduction of what goes on outside of cities to processes that emanate unidirectionally from cities. Acknowledging UPE’s rich intellectual history and aiming to enrich rather than split the field, this paper identifies four emerging discourses that go beyond UPE’s original formulation.

a b s t r a c t CITES regulates international trade with the goal of preventing over-exploitation, thus the survival of species are not jeopardized from trade practices; however it has been used recently in nontrade conservation measures. As an example, the US proposed to uplist polar bears under CITES Appendix I, despite that the species did not conform to the biological criteria. Polar bears were listed as 'threatened' under US ESA in 2008, in response to loss of sea-ice and warming temperatures. In Nunavut, where most of Canada's polar bears are harvested, the resulting trade ban did not decrease total harvest after the ESA listing but reduced US hunter participation and the proportion of quotas taken by sport hunters from specific populations. Consequently, the import ban impacted livelihoods of Arctic indigenous communities with negative conservation -reduced tolerance for dangerous fauna and affected local participation in shared management initiatives. The polar bear may be the exemplar of an emerging problem: the use of trade bans in place of action for non-trade threats, e.g., climate change. Conservation prospects for this species and other climate-sensitive wildlife will likely diminish if the increasing use of trade bans to combat non-trade issues cause stakeholders to lose faith in participatory management.

This paper addresses the lacuna in research on chemical use by nightlife workers by exploring harm reduction strategies among queer nightlife workers in Brooklyn, NY. Based on interviews and ethnographic research, my findings suggest that harm reduction can be effectively imagined and implemented by individuals and social groups themselves. Chemical use enables queer nightlife workers in Brooklyn to perform and produce pleasure for others, challenging the notion that functional chemical use is opposed to or separate from pleasurable chemical use. Just as nightlife workers see chemical use as made meaningful through how it enables or inhibits productivity and pleasure in specific circumstances, they often view risk and harm as conditional and emergent. Night workers already practice their own, tacitly informed harm reduction strategies, such as being selfreflective about their use, moderation and dosing, scheduling use around other responsibilities, only using chemicals at work that aid productivity, getting enough sleep, avoiding chemicals they don't enjoy, and taking breaks from use when they feel it is necessary. Future harm reduction research and policy should begin by examining what practices of harm reduction from below already exist and attempt to strengthen them.