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Purpose Rapid nutrient depletion in soils is one of the major problems that affect food production and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have linked the growth of food crops with seasonal variation and differences in weather conditions. This study was conducted to assess the effects of various organic fertilizer formulations (OFFs) on the growth and yield of selected crops (Zea mays L.; Glycine max, TX 114 and Dioscorea rotundata Poir) during rainy and dry seasons to ensuring climate-smart agriculture. Methods The OFFs used were plant-based (PB), animal-based (AB), rock-based (RB), organic mixture (OM-mixture of PB, AB and RB), synthetic/chemical (SC) while ordinary compost without fortification served as control. Effects of OFFs on growth parameters (number of leaves, plant height, stem girth, leaf area, and crop yield) of maize, yam and soybeans were assessed in plot experiments across the two seasons. Results The RB gave highest growth performances in maize and soybean plots at both seasons when applied at 2.5 t ha −1 . It also improved yam growth when applied at 2.5 t ha −1 (rainy season) and 3.0 t ha −1 (dry season) more than any other fertilizer. The largest yield of maize in the dry season was obtained from plots with PB at 2.0 t ha −1 . The AB at 2.0 t ha −1 gave the largest soybean yield in the rainy season. Conclusions Organic fertilizers enriched especially with rock-based and plant-based materials have the potential to ameliorate the threat of climate change and seasonal variation to food security.

13Throughout the world, waste sector has been implicated in significant contribution to 14 anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Involving communities in recycling 15 their solid waste would ensure climate change effect mitigation and resilience. This study 16 was carried out to improve waste management practices through a community-led 17 intervention at Kube-Atenda community in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-18 experimental design, comprising mixed method of data collection such as semi-19 structured questionnaire and a life-cycle-based model for calculating greenhouse gas 20 generation potentials of various waste management practices in the area. A systematic 21 random sampling was used to select sixty (60) households for a survey on knowledge, 22 attitude and practices of waste management through Recovery, Reduction, Reuse and 23Recycling (4Rs) before and after the training intervention. Data collected were 24 summarised using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test and ANOVA at p= 0.05. 25The mean age of the respondent was 49.7 ± 16.7 and 68.3 % were females. Respondents' 26 knowledge scores before and after the intervention were significantly different: 7.07 ± 27 1.48 and 11.6 ± 1.6 while attitude scores were: 8.2 ± 2.3 and 13.5 ± 0.8. There were 28 significant differences in the major waste disposal practices in the community before and 29 after the intervention. All (100 %) the participants were willing to participate in waste 30 recycling business and the model predicted that adoption of 4Rs strategy had a great 31 potential in saving greenhouse gas emissions in the community. The behaviour of the 32 community people has changed towards waste management that promote climate change 33 mitigation and adaptation through waste reduction, reuse, and resource recovery. 34 3

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